Comparison of eastern philosphies confucianism and daoism Essay

Comparison of eastern philosphies confucianism and daoism - Essay Example This is achieved through a series of rituals. The key concepts in the philosophy are five, Ren or humanism which is the basic attribute followed by justice, wisdom, faithfulness and ritual action. Rituals are required for developing a just society and in turn contribute to being a humane person. The philosophy accepts natural proclivities of humans and thus a need is felt to cultivate appropriate practices through rituals. There is also due consideration for physical conduct which is affected by emotions, passions and desires for cultivating the mind. Thus there is a need for reflection and study to nurture the philosophical contemplation required of the follower of Confucianism which in turn develops public spirit. Dao is the road, the path, the way. Daoism is a holistic view of life which does not foster practices to influence forces of reality and reorder life, which is seen in Confucianism. Daoism deems that ritualistic practice disturbs the natural flow. Daoism instead emphasizes on practice and developing experience. Change is reality and there is thus no need to reorder it. However this does not entail a philosophy of nothingness. It only implies that there should be no disturbance of nature by humans and natural actions should allow transformation through effortless activation.

The Theories of Thomas Hobbes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Theories of Thomas Hobbes - Essay Example Talking about Hobbes’s state of equality, he strongly believed that we as human tend to be very watchful of the differences that lie between all individuals: differences that distinguish the diverse individuals from each other. For example he said that some of us tend to perceive others as smarter or wiser than ourselves, however, what we fail to take into account is that the bulk of the people around us are more or less the same as ourselves, particularly in thought. Such was the way in which Hobbes defined equality of human nature, that given a particular situation many of the individuals would react to it much in the same way. Moreover, Hobbes felt that all human beings were materialistic beings, motivated by nothing so much as they are motivated by self-interest, thus the term egoism (Clarke, 1995). This self-interest which dominates human nature in Hobbes’s point of view is the root cause of all chaos and anarchy that has ever prevailed throughout human history. Hobbes believed that if ever in a dilemma, an individual will always choose the alternative which benefits him the most, irrespective the extent of damage that it may cause to anyone else. This egoism of man never allows him to be content with what he has. Rather it requires him to constantly desire more and more power than he already has. Consequently, Hobbes described his â€Å"State of Nature,† which was from the nature made by God as one would normally expect it to be. The Hobbes's State of Nature is one which any known State can undergo at a time of absolute chaos and anarchy.

Hamilton county judges Essay Example for Free

Hamilton county judges Essay Hamilton County judges try thousands of cases per year. In an overwhelming majority of the cases disposed, the verdict stands as rendered. However, some cases are appealed, and of those appealed, some of the cases ae reversed. Kristen DelGuzzi of The Cincinnati Enquirer conducted a study of case handled by Hamilton County judges over the years 1994 through 1996 (The Cincinnati Enquirer, January 11, 1998). Shown in Judge.xls are the results for 182,908 cases handled (disposed) by 38 judges in Common Pleas Court, Domestic Relation Court, and Municipal Court. Two of the judges (Dinkelacker and Hogan) did not serve in the same court for the entire three-year period. The purpose of the newspape’s study was to evaluate the performance of the judges. Appeals are often the result of mistakes made by judges, and the newspaper wanted to know which judges were doing a good job and which were making too many mistakes. You are called in to assis in the data analysis. Use your knowledge of probability and conditional probability to help with the ranking of the judges. You also may be able to analyze the likelihood of appeal and reversal for cases handled by different courts. Managerial Report Prepare a report with your rankings of the judges. Also, include an analysis of the likelihood of appeal and case reversal in the three courts. At a minimum, your report should incluse the following: a. The probability of cases being appealed and reversed in the thee different courts. b. The probability of a case being appealed for each judge. c. The probability of a case being reversed for each judge. d. The probability of reversal given an appeal for each judge. e. Rank the judges within each court. State the criteria you used and provide a rational for your choice.

What Makes Subcultures Deviant Cultural Studies Essay

What Makes Subcultures Deviant Cultural Studies Essay This paper will look to answer the question What are subcultures and what makes them deviant? It will then go on to examine and explore how subcultures became apparent and give descriptions of two different subcultures within society (specifically Punk and Rave). To conclude there will be a brief discussion regarding the specific subcultures, their members and the culture they belong to. In order to assess these subcultures it is first only right to define what a subculture is. The definition given by Dictionary of Sociology, Abercrombie (et al) states a subculture is A system of values, attitudes, modes of behaviour and lifestyles of a social group within a largerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦society or organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Most commonly applied to deviant or youth cultures that develop a culture opposed to the dominant culture. Hall et al (1976) started to examine why and how young members of society felt the need to form groups.   Youth is a relatively new term for Britain, as it only really came into existence after the Second World War. Children were no longer sent straight out to work and the emphasis moved more from work to play and growing up with ease, Youth appeared as an emergent category in post-war Britain, one of the most striking and visible manifestations of social change in the period (Hall et al 1976,). Prior to World War 2 there was always a strong ideology, a way of life to which everyone conformed. They held similar values and common goals. The emergence of subcultures challenged this. The majority of subcultures can usually be defined by specific music, with the exception of few, such as football hooliganism. The subcultures explored below can predominantly be distinguished by their music. It would be fair to assume that both the subcultures explored will have had some impact on todays university students. Either their own lives or the lives of their parents surely have been influenced by one of these subcultures. Punks In order to grasp what the punk subculture consists of it is imperative to understand where punk came from and the history surrounding it, as well as how its followers dressed, their ideals, music tastes and attitudes. There are different types of punk examples being Anarocho punk and Oi! Punk. The Punk philosophy addressed many issues including individualism, anti-authoritarianism, political anarchism, and free thought amongst others. Punk was embraced by individuals usually ranging in age from the late teen years to mid or late twenties. Punks can be perceived as members of a deviant subculture due to many factors, for example their musical tastes, dress sense and political views to name but a few. Each of these issues are to be raised in their own right, below. Within the United Kingdom (UK) the punk scene emerged in the late 1970s. As punk was somewhat of an underground movement it is impossible to state when it arrived in the UK. Cahill (1988) states that most would agree that it was sometime in 1975, Britain was suffering from a recession at the time, and in times of extreme hardship, people look for an outlet to their anger Punk gave way for young people to make their frustrations known. They Angela-Marie Gibson had just gone through times of economic decline, so un-employment was rife; add to this the normal feelings that people of this age experience, punk seemed the answer. Marsh (1977) termed Punk dole queue rock. Punk saw bands such as the Clash, The Sex Pistols and The Ramones emerging into British society. Music of this kind was often very anti or intolerant in its lyrics for example regarding parents or notions of love. Then there are other types of music to consider such as the Jam and Sham 69. The Jam are not immediately thought of as an Oi! band, but their lyrics contain political themes which is also applicable to many bands of the genre. The members of the typical punk subculture made their allegiance clear in the way the dressed. A typical punk could be seen sporting light jeans, leather jackets, Doc Martins, ripped t-shirts and, maybe, their dyed hair (some punks associated with Neo-Nazi movements had skin heads). It could be argued that the social class of the people who made up the punk subculture were generally working class, but it has to be considered that punk also consisted of a minority of middle class students who simply enjoyed the punk look, but did not conform to all its trappings. The members of the punk sub culture in Britain are predominantly white. The word punk often goes hand in hand political views. Not all punks developed the same political standing but it should be mentioned that views such as anarchy and neo-Nazism are attached to the punk subculture. The National Front picked up such punk movements as Oi! and tried to use punk to their own advantage. One must mention musical influences such as Skrewdriver, whos lead singer Ian Stewart Donaldson was instrumental in setting up Blood Honour the activist movement widely linked with the National Front. Punks could be seen as quite confused individuals as they wore clothing depicting the Union Jack, yet they sang along with The Sex Pistols and their lyrics of anarchy in the British society it was an alien essence, a foreign body which implicitly threatened mainstream British culture from within and as such it resonated with punks adopted values anarchy, surrender and decline' (Hebdige, 1979, p64) Rave The rave subculture seems to be different to punk in the fact that its follows do not seem to be constrained by social class or political view points. Rave sprang to life and made its way from Ibiza to Britain in the late 1980s and early 1990s.. It is termed by the Guardian newspaper as The fight for the right to party. Initially no one from this subculture was against any figures of authority; they basically wanted to experience a good time with their peers in an environment that had never been experienced before. This did however bring with it violence between the Police and the ravers Collin (1997) is quoted as saying rave is the most spectacular and enduring British youth movement of the twentieth century. The origins of rave can be traced back to the United States of America and the gay clubs in Chicago in the form of House music. Firstly it is imperative to ascertain what it is we are examining. Initially this paper will look at the clothes, attitudes and beliefs of the members of the rave subculture as well as the history that surrounds it. This specific subculture is closely connected with illegal drug taking and (initially) illegal venues where young people could join together to dance, party and take drugs. The countries licensing laws at this time where such that traditional nightclubs closed at 1 or 2 am. The members of the rave community wanted to party on into the night, hence the venues that hosted these events being illegal. It could be argued that the term rave was first seen in Britain in the 1950s and was seen again briefly with the Mods. However, it was the illegal warehouse parties that gave rave the reputation it possessed in the early to mid 1990s. Rave appeared whilst Britain was approaching a state of great consumer spending and the short housing boom of the late 80s was underway. In Government Margaret Thatcher was striving to ensure the British public got her strong messages regarding a capitalist society. She was attempting to portray her vision of every man being responsible for himself, On the 23rd September 1987 she was famously quoted as saying there is no such thing as society www.margaretthatcher.org. The followers of rave could be spotted in their unique clothing attire. This mainly consisted of layered clothing (which could easily be removed once they get hot), young childrens dummies, glo-sticks, whistles and smiley faced t-shirts. The males can be seen sporting tracksuits or baggy jeans whilst the females took to wearing bikinis and short neon coloured dresses. They often related everyday things to drug abuse and depicted this on their clothing. Slogans such as Can I have an E please Bob? were printed on t-shirts. They showed Bob Holness (famous for his long reign as host of blockbuster)  holding an ecstasy tablet. It is argued that at most, if not all gatherings that this subculture attended illegal drugs would be rife predominantly ecstasy, amphetamine, cocaine or LSD. In 1994 the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act was passed. This Act was influenced directly by the events at Castlemorton, where an estimated 40,000 revellers spent a week partying at an event held at the common. Castlemorton was the final nail in the coffin of the unlicensed event (South, 1999) The Act specifically defines music to include sounds wholly or predominantly characterised by the emission of a succession of repetitive beats. This gave greater powers to the Police to act upon raves. The most publicised changes in the Act are Sections 34-39, 54-59 and 60. These changes gave the Police the power to stop an outside gathering of more than 100 people. There was highly publicised conflict in the late 1980s between Police and members of the rave subculture. This, coupled with the knowledge that ravers embraced illegal substances would lead many to think that the followers of rave have little or no respect for the police or the law. Over 60,000 youths marched against the Criminal Justice Bill changes. They were all not from the rave subculture, but they all had the common belief that the changes were not just. The views of the rave sub culture may be seen as polar opposites to that of punk. Followers of rave put emphasis on peace, love, openess, unity and respect for each other. This is argued to be down to the effects of the drugs the ravers participate in. The rave subculture has moved on vastly since the early 1990s. The rave subculture now takes place in most towns and cities every weekend in legitimate venues that adhere to licencing laws. It is now called club culture and is part of everyday life for many. The members may have adapted their clothing to more mainstream atire. It could also be said that it is the rave subculture that has normalised drug use once again for the youth of Britian. It has certianly brought illegal drugs to the forefront. Faces such as that of Leah Betts will be engrained on the minds of many British citizens, predominantly those is their 30s. To quote Cohen (1972) deviance is created by societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance and by applying those rules to particular persons and labelling them as outsiders. So, if a person does not share the same morals and belief systems as the majority that then makes them deviant, therefore they have no option but to seek solace in the arms of a subculture. Looking at these subcultures I conclude that it could be argued they were influenced by the rising number of family breakdowns. Could it be that the youth of these eras were looking for a sense of belonging, and the rave and punk subculture gave them what they craved? The leader of the country at the time (Margaret Thatcher) was thought to be trying to in still into the British people that society was not important maybe subcultures fulfilled its followers with a sense of belonging and security? If the people were being lead to believe that wider society was not as important as it had been then can a subculture really exist, as there is no common goal or majority rule. It also must be pointed out that with the vast amount of media coverage both of these subcultures received from the newspapers and television it could also be argued that they were the norm they had so much coverage that to attach a deviant label to them is wrong. Maybe due to the fact that we have only seen these deviations from the norm over a relatively short period of time (Post World War 2) it is still inconceivable to some members of society that freedom to express ourselves should be embraced, not shunned?

Barley: The Versatile Crop :: Botany

Barley: The Versatile Crop Barley is a very important grain in the world today. It is very versatile in every way. It has been well adapted through its evolution. It has a very mysterious and much debated beginning. Now however, barely has become well known and so have its many uses. Barley, which is of the genus Hordeum, is a cereal that belongs to the grass family Poaceae. Barley has many different varieties. The most common is Hordeum vulgare, which is a six-rowed type of barley that has a spike notched on opposite sides with three spikelets on each notch. At each notch there is a flower or floret that later develops into a kernel. Hordeum distichum is a two-rowed type of barley that has central florets producing kernels and it has lateral florets that are sterile. Lastly there is Hordeum irregulare which has fertile central florets and different arrangements of sterile and fertile lateral florets. This is the least cultivated species of the three main forms (2). Barley is very adaptable to various environments. In fact, it is the most adaptable of the cereals. Barley is an annual grass that has two growing seasons, winter and spring. It does best in the spring in a temperate zone with a 90 day growing season, it can also be found growing in sub-arctic regions, like in Alaska or in Norway, with very short growing seasons (1). Barley also has a very good resistance to dry heat compared to other small grains. This feature allows it to grow near desert areas such as North Africa (2). Barley has a very debatable origin. There are two different thoughts as to where barley was originally cultivated. J.R Hardin says that barley cultivation originated in Egypt. There is evidence of barley grains found in pits and pyramids of Egypt over 5000 years ago. There has also been ancient glyphs or pictorials showing barley dating back to 3000 BC. There have also been references to barley and beer making in ancient Egyptian and Sumerian writings. (4). The other thought is that barley was originally cultivated in China around 1500-2000 BC. This is evident by ancient pottery found depicting the end of the famine by having barley fall out of the sky (2). Barley cultivation also seems to have been evident in other parts of the world at later times. For example northwestern Europe is estimated to have civilizations cultivating barley around 3000 BC.

Bilingual Education Essay -- Teaching Education

Bilingual Education Our school systems play host to dozens of languages in addition to the standard fare of English. Starting in the late 1960s, partially as a swing off the Civil Rights Movement, school systems were required by law to provide bilingual education anytime twenty or more children spoke the same foreign language, and were found to be limited in their English proficiency. At first, the need for such programs was small, but over time it has been steadily increasing until now where the need has reached what many consider to be massive. In recent years, the population of the United States has exploded with many non-English speaking students, making the need for bilingual education more urgent. Although this amount is growing yearly, it is inadequate to provide the much needed instruction for this special subset of children. Bilingual education is a must if children are to succeed in the academic environment and in becoming productive adults. Numerous researchers have reported a correlation between a student’s world experience and their level of reading comprehension. Often times stories and reading material are written from a largely white perspective and this results in less overall comprehension and poor reading scores especially for the Limited English Proficient student. Bilingual programs allow such children the opportunity to become acquainted with the concepts first in their own language and then in the predominant language of this country, English. Linguists have found that the strongest way to learn a language is to have a strong base in one's native language. A child who has learned to write and read in the native language will build strong language skills. Statistics show that that the average language-minority child who is not given bilingual education is more likely to be held back one or more years in their elementary school education, and there is a direct correlation between the dropout rate, and non-receipt of bilingual education. As with practically any academic pursuit, a student’s success or failure in reading comprehension is highly dependent it seems on their cultural background. On the language in which classroom materials are both written and spoken in, the student’s proficiency in both their first and second languages, and on the cultural content of the classroom materials. Likewise, a student’s ... ... the ability to choose, just as everyone else has. To conclude, language goes hand-in-hand with culture, and a student’s success in learning a new language is directly dependent on their willingness to take on new cultural behaviors. A student who is well grounded in his or her own native language is much more likely to succeed in a largely English-speaking academic environment. Bilingual education programs give the student the opportunity, and the desire to become acquainted with a new culture and a new language. This makes them much more likely to succeed academically once they are out of school, and have taken their places as adults in society. Bibliography: Works Cited Anzaldua,Gloria. â€Å"How To Tame A Wild Tongue.† The Norton Reader.Eds. Peterson, Linda H., John C. Brereton, and Joan E. Hartman. New York:Norton & Company, 2000. 537-542 Rodriguez,Richard. â€Å"Aria.† The Norton Reader. Eds. Peterson, Linda H., John C. Brereton, and Joan E. Hartman. New York:Norton & Company, 2000. 531-536 Tannen,Deborah. â€Å"Conversational Styles.† The Norton Reader.Eds. Peterson, Linda H., John C. Brereton, and Joan E. Hartman. New York:Norton & Company, 2000. 545-550

Effects of Title Ix

Title IX Title IX is a rule established in the NCAA to regulate men and women college sports. The title was passed in 1972. The reason that I am interested in this subject is because I am a college wrestler. Wrestling is one of the greatly affected sports when relating to this. The title states that men and women must have the equal opportunities to participate in sports. Over 150 wrestling programs have been dropped since the passing. This title could greatly affect my life in the next few years.The wrestling coaches here have talked about how our wrestling program here at Appalachian State could possibly be discontinued due to Title IX. The budget for the sports programs here are not even across the board. The money spent on men’s sports is greater than the amount spent on women’s. I do not think that the program is seriously in danger of being canceled, but I do know that we cannot have as many people on the team next year that we do this year. At least 7 people have to be cut before next year.I think that this Title should not be in place at all. There are many more men that want to participate in sports then women. This title takes away from the opportunities that men have to play. Most women sports do not bring in much money. The majority of money on any campus comes from the football team. Men sports bring in more money than women’s, so it would only be right to allow more men sports. I feel like my opinion on this says that I am not really for women sports.That is kind of true. The women sports that I have seen myself are never as interesting as the men sports. Girls are just as competitive sometimes but the level of competition is just not that of a guy’s event. As for our culture, this subject being controversial says that other people feel the same way that I do. This issue is one that will remain controversial for years. Many people have tried to find a solution, but this is a very complex idea. It greatly affects men and women.