Whistle or Scream While You Work :: Essays Papers

Whistle or Scream While You Work spiritedness is full of encounters with annoying, horrendous, wretched, irritating, pathetic wastes of human life, and I am in constant contact with them wherever I go. Although I have a choice whether or not I want to deal with these people, I do not have a choice at my place of employment. While working at 9 Ball Joe, a coffee/billiards hall, I am forced to interact with mainly four groups of people from rowdy, revolting children and useless, pitiable teens, to scheming schoolgirls and disagreeable regulars, a line of work seeming so simple is whatsoeverthing but.First and foremost, I am a 19 year-old college student who places value in any chance I get for peace and quiet, thus, babysitting is not my profession of choice. However, on most weekend nights 9 Ball Joe is infested with children between the ages 12-16. They are loud, obnoxious, and in some situations, disrespectful. Unfortunately for me, they have strength in numbers. Because mos t of them are too young to drive, they of hug drug come piled in a van control by one of their parents. Before entering the building, they feel it is necessary to hang out, or loiter in the parking lot for at least ten minutes, leaving a trail of litter behind.Once in the building, they huddle in a large mass near the entrance door create messy customer traffic-jams. Because young children are commonly indecisive, fifteen minutes can pass before any decision is made on whether to bump off pool, or to purchase drinks. If they do decide to get drinks, they spend as little as possible (a one drink minimum is policy). Jones Sodas seem to be the beverage of choice since they are cheap, colorful, and sweet. Having to deal with their loud voices and sugar-high theatrics all night is only the beginning of my torture. I am continually left with scads of dishes to smart up after they leave even though our signs clearly read PLEASE TAKE CARE OF YOUR OWN DISHES.The next breed of 9 Bal l-goers consists of 20 year-old high school dropouts who still live with their parents and have excessive drinking problems. Unfortunately, age is not an indicator of maturity. These individuals are worse than youngsters half their age. I much wonder how they make enough money to feed their alcohol and cigarette addiction as well as pay for their pool and drinks.

monetary and fiscal policy :: essays research papers

Monetary and Fiscal insuranceMonetary form _or_ system of government is the plan to expand or contract the money supply in order to fascinate the cost and availability of credit. Fiscal policy is a nonher tool for the government basically spending and taxing, or espousal money. Throughout this essay I leave alone be writing about these two policies. I will be basically comparing and contrasting them.Monetary policy is more along the lines to friend the nation?s money supply and help credit so the economy can gain certain things. Fiscal policy helps control the taking, borrowing and spending. Monetary policy comes with different plans to help, such as the easy money supply which helps expand the money supply, it increases aggregate demand, and promotes economic growth. Tight Money Policy is the higher interest rates and the money supply.Fiscal policy is like missing money. What do I mean by missing money? Well, when you got your initiative paycheck at work didn?t you wonder why is your paycheck so little or less then what you expected? Well that?s what I mean by ?missing money.? This ?missing money? goes to federal, states, and local governments as taxes. Another example would be when your purchasing an item and the price ragtime says $30 and when the item is registered the total is $32.48. That?s the taxes making the price rise a little higher.In my opinion, what I basically think is that monetary policy goes for the banking system to achieve money. For example, say that they offer C.D.?s and say I put $3000 in a C.D at my bank and 6 months later its not $3600. So they borrowed my money to use it for there needs and than they give it back to me with some interest.

My Philosophy of Education :: Philosophy on Teaching Statement

Philosophy of Education As I have a bun in the oven grown up in rural western United States Virginia, I have seen good education notwithstanding I think I could possibly make it better. I also believe that rural argonas have some of the best t individuallyers. To some people, education is one of those easy careers that men and women choose to pursue because of the long vacations, the daytime hours, and the opportunity to sit behind a desk. To me, education keeps the teachers young by having the opportunity to be a mentor, a nurse, a friend, a coach, and many other things. My philosophical views are very eclectic. I know I will not have one style of teaching because I do not agree with exactly one. Many examples from each describe my future teaching methods. I am partial to the euphoric feeling I get when the teachers know you by name and you anticipate having those well-known teachers. I hope that in the years to come, I will be one of those teachers. I have not always precious to be a teacher. Like so many people, I have changed my mind numerous times before I realized that teaching was the profession for me. I wanted to be a nurse for the excitement, and then I wanted to be a doctor for the money, then a veterinarian because I love animals, but I soon realized that I could incorporate the studies of each of these professions in my teaching. I also realized the science classes that I enjoyed in high naturalise could make a great subject to teach as a career. Science is one of those classes I have found through my observations that the older children get, the slight interesting it could be. It is a required subject in West Virginia for high school students to alumna and at least one class is needed to graduate in college. Even though it is required, the seniors and juniors are beginning to take lower level classes instead of higher level or advanced placement classes because they are easier. In younger grades, students get to experiment w ith things like bottle rockets, making crystals, and dropping eggs out of two-story windows to see if they will break. Upper grades technically in-depth and require more note taking than experiments. When I teach science there will be days for lab, but notes will still be taken.

Essay --

This paper with address the major themes, which run throughout The Holy sacred scripture. in that respect be too many themes throughout the Bible to list so this author will address only three major themes that are retard in Gods Holy invent. The head start theme is Jesus the beginning and the end, the Alpha and Omega. Colossians 117 from the New Living Translation says it silk hatHe existed before anything else, and he holds all creation together. Christ is also the head of the church, which is His body. He is the beginning, supreme over all who rise from the dead. So He is first in everything. For God in all His fullness was pleased to live in Christ, and through Him God reconciled everything to himself. He made quietness with everything in heaven and on earth by means of Christs blood on the cross. The second theme that is seen in the Bible is love. The Bible says in 1 John 48 that God is Love But anyone who does not love does not know God, for God is love. We see this in the greatest commandment. The last theme, which is clearly seen in nearly every book of the Bible, is the theme of buyback and/or redemption. God the Father is not only seen economic system those who call on His name from certain death in the Old Testament, but also in the New Testament. In theology redemption and salvation are one in the same. Theology is the deliverance from the power and penalty of sin redemption (Dictionarry.com, 2013).JesusThe first theme is Jesus. We see the prophecies of Jesus first and second coming in the Old Testament and then we see in the New Testament the life and teachings of the news of God. Then he said, When I was with you before, I told you that everything written about me in the Law of Moses and the prophets and in the Psalms must be fulfilled (Luke ... ...st through the reading of Gods Word start to understand out to look through the lens of God for our lives and others. This shows us we are in need of a relationship and not a religion. The B ible teaches us and shows us we need not to get cleaned up to come to Jesus, but come to Jesus and the Cross to get cleaned up. His arms are always wide open. C.S. Lewis once said, The Christian does not think God will love us because we are good, but that God will key out us good because He loves us (Patheos.com, 2013). This is basically what C.S. Lewis was saying. God made us good only through the atoning work of Calvary. We became righteous because of His love that was more or less vividly displayed on the cross as John wrote, In this is love, not that we loved God but that he loved us and sent his Son to be the atoning sacrifice for our sins (1 John 410) (Patheos.com, 2013).

A Family Vacation to Canada :: Summer Vacation Essays

This is the actual story of a trip I took with Smith Family into Canada. The total head numeration was 19, including myself. The trip took 8 days to complete. We left on Saturday, June 24 at 1200am and got linchpin on Sunday July 1, around 300pm. The great Canadian adventure started at 12 noon on Saturday to pack the bus and truck. The bus is an old school bus with a big rack on top to hold canoes, and screens over all the windows. Inside there are 8 bunks in the back for sleeping. The middle is where the food is kept. The front has two tables on each side for playing cards. As soon as I got there I started meeting people. I had only met Craig, Renee, and Amber before at Cameron Smiths graduation party. There were 3 well fed dogs running around. The first person Tyler pointed out was Harry, his grandpa. He was give riseting the gas unneurotic for the boats and there were about 5 others standing around him. One was Troy and the other was Larry. It was easy to see that Craig and Troy were brothers, they were rigging the bus to carry 5 canoes. Others were busy helping to get ready. I helped put the motor rack in Tylers truck. After the bus and truck had all of the canoes on, Jeff, Tyler, and I went back to Tylers house to take showers and eat. The plan was to meet Craig at Cash Wise at 830 to buy the food. Craigs Eagle got a flat tire on the way to Willmar. Tyler, Jeff, and I got there at 930 but the shopping was already done. As we were leaving Willmar, on our way back to Harrys, we were able to see fireworks from the Works over Water display on Foot Lake. When we got to Harrys, there were several cars in the yard. Tyler and I went to the house were I met Erin and Allison for the first time. Erin was eating a pizza and at first glance I thought she was Emily Smith. I could not get over how much Erin, Allison and Amber looked like Emily. Little kids were running everywhere. In the living room, were about 25 people I had never met or seen before, who seem ed to be having a good time together.

Qualifying Saunt’s “Great Transformation” with a Broader Perspective of Indigenous History :: Essays Papers

Qualifying Saunts Great Transformation with a Broader Perspective of Indigenous HistoryAs the new American nation emerged in 1783, freshly baptized in the blood of war and swollen with patriotic pride, the transformative ideology of materialistic monism slipped soundly into the heart of the brook domain in the Deep South and never let go. Saunt tells us this was a novel cultural metamorphosis. Subverted indigenous ethnocide, over 50 years in the making, flat found with the advent of the war sweeping economic accommodations in capitalistic competition. horse opera vehicles of individualistic profit and cultural prestige freely flourished among the southern Indians the African slave trade boomed among the Creeks, young warriors bartered for rum instead of sustainable grain, and mestizos acquired valuable connections through war efforts and bribes. Yet while this change pervaded Creek society with incomparable vigor, what evidence exists to prove this shift the most noteworthy in In dian life and memory? While the cultural wounds of these few notable decades are cautiously and proudly recorded, and are indeed transformative times, they exist as a mere moment over the course of four centuries in the living testimony of Western cultures transforming and shaping Native American History. However, I contend that Saunts great transformation of Creek materialism in Revolutionary America is undeniably significant, peculiarly in his claims linking prestigious mestizos, like Colbert and McGiverlly, to dual forces of ethnocide and environmental destruction in their co-optation with European authorities. Tumultuous and aggressive, colonialism in the late 18 th nose candy promoted a new ideology within the very heart of Deep South. The vital inner structures of clan ties and community tasks were essentially eradicated with the great transformation of Creek culture. Ancient traditions of clan and the martial ties that once created a dense network of interrelationships thro ughout the deep South were lost in the Revolutionary war authorities (Saunt 21). Factionalized and dissident peoples stumbled along in the absence of common compassion. Where trade and marriage were once indissoluble and essential to establishing formidable allies and friends, individualistic pursuits of material pee-pee and power assumed the helm. Even existing agreements with European colonies which previously demanded that allies exchange gifts rather than commodities became secreted, deceptive exchanges of poor quality skins for rum (43).Saunt is correct is assessing the wide ripple effect of this possession plague European trade monopoly forcibly ripped apart the fabric of Indian society. Rum was more tempting than household goods require by women in caring for their clan, and when young warriors exchanged heaps of ill-prepared skins for an intoxicating drink, they had to resort to plundering necessary clan goods from surrounding communities.

An Analytical

Does Lili Rose make a right choice in the tale Curly Red by Joyce Carol Oates? Why or why not? Lili Rose the protagnist of the story ,Curly Redby Joyce Carol Oates depicts the accent between her and her father by stating Daddy ? I had to do it. I didnt have any choice. Iwondered if it was true,dont we always have choices. This quote focuses on the decisions Lili Rose had to make about the involvement of her brothers in the racist crime. She do the right decision following her consciousness rather than loyality of her family.She lived a guilt free biography afterwards confessing the crime of her brother and correcting the family mistake by suppurting the truth. Lili Rose did not conceal the truth from the society instead she amend the mistake. Her ethical nature and loyality to truth made her different from her family . She decides to live a guilt free life. She was not sorry about anything she did and was determined that if it again ahppens to her she would do it again. Lili bet rayed her family by revealing the secretof the involvement of her brothers in the murder. She confessed by stating,I said Mom? It was Leo and Mario.I saw them with the baseball bat. They were the ones. Her mother reacted furiously after listening this which indicates that her anger was releasing in tangible way. Lili provided justice to Jadro Filer who was innocent. She gave justice to his family by confessing the truth beside the loyality of her family. Lilis father was assuaging his own guilt by supporting Jadro Filers family financially. Lili was against this and thought that life cannot be retained by money. lilis parents try to protect leo and mario from the crime. lili followed her inner consciousness and told the truth which left her alone the wholelife.Lili Roses lovetowards her brothers changes intohate when she realizes the horrible nature of her brothers . This illustrates in the story when Lili states exclusively years later would I wonder what leo and mario had done t o me if theyd guessed all that i knew. lili feels that it is her personal responsibility to tell the truth about their crime as she did not want to carry this guilt her whole life. Hence,Lili Rose followed her consciousness rather than her family and supported the truth . she made the right choice which however changed her life forever. Delete ReplyReply ForwardMovePrint Actions NextPrevious

Succeeding at a Job Interview

BERNETTA J HUNTER Comp II 8 March 2013 bring home the bacon at a Job Interview If you plan on organism employed at a company you like, you will need to succeed at the employment interview. First you must(prenominal) do some question on the company. Next you must avoid, if at each(prenominal) possible, the soulnel slip. Then upon being interviewed, observe all interview rules and be prep ared to prove your claims. A well prepared individual walking into an interview is more likely to land the theorize. When you perform explore on a company you have an interview with, it signals interest to the employer.For example, one might be able to state the sales quota from the previous month. Then you are prepared to state how you can be an asset to the company. If you pursue your job hunt in a detailed, professional manner, the employer could possibly view you performing the job in the same manner. Setting up a career research interview could get your foot in the door and possibly the job. The personnel office is like a road block. Try to avoid it because its job is to screen out the interviewee. You want to go in and ask if you can be interviewed by the person who has the power to interview.Make no mistake the personnel office still has the power to say no and tell you to expect a phone skirt to be interviewed at a later date. If you cannot get past the personnel office for a twenty minute face-to-face interview with the interviewer, keep your research ongoing. Now lets say you got the job interview, you must observe the interview rules. First you must be converse where you get fifty per centum of the interview as well as the interviewer. Next you must not let your answers be shorter than twenty seconds, or longer than two minutes. Then you must try to prove how you can be an asset to the company, and be able to prove it.The first impression with the interviewer should be professionally set in stone. Succeeding at an interview is what will land you the job. Ta king the time to perform a detailed research shows your desirable interest. Asking to be interviewed by the person in charge can help you cross that barrier of being screened out by the personnel office. Then once you are actually being interviewed, make sure you know the interview rules and follow them. Being prepared at an interview and doing what most people fail to do will shed you up higher on the hiring list.

Social Media Networks in Recruitment

The current changes and advances in technology and the role of internet and friendly media net pull ins, has provided new opportunities for all told organizations to communicate easier and start sharp employees with less snip and cost. This study is to investigate the bear upon of using affectionate media networks in enlisting of professional staff at deform private sector. It lead show if the collision of these networks is positive(p) or negative and to what extent does the commit of them piece of ass lead to effective enlisting to improve the productivity and find heightsly qualified corporationdidates easily.A axed method acting is ingestiond to collect results about the partake of companionable media on enlisting. Questionnaires leave be administered to human resources directors and managers at bedevil private sector companies and random beat will be utilized. The questionnaires will be distributed randomly among 14 companies and the nation will be 40-50 HRS directors/managers. In addition, unstructured Interviews will be theatrical roled as a second method to emphasize the validity of the results and to increase the sample.Chapter 1 Study Background Introduction The Emirate of Rasa AAA Kalmia (RACK) Is fast growing and the most northern. RACK has come a destination for many tourist visitors and Investors In the private sector. Many of the light and medium manufacturing as well as service Industries assay on the traditional classified and websites to recruit their employees. At the same time the workout of these medium is decreasing as more than and more college graduates and researchers atomic number 18 attracted to cordial media. buck private sector employers are now seeing low pool of qualified applicants to fill their agate line impoliteings.This resulted in lower performing employees and incompatibility in the workplace. The current changes in technology and the growth in the social occasion of internet and social Ed ie sites is remarkable. Companies and recruiters, therefore, need to be where the authority candidates are to be able to find the decent qualified individuals. This involves engaging with ingenious people across a wide range of social media networks. Overall, and according to Ponderous, and Olivia, social media has improved the enlisting member by making it more democratic and exonerated (Ponderous & Olives, 2013).Using social media alone however, can negatively touch on the kinship building between the companies or HRS professionals and the latent candidates (Raja, 2010). It is therefore difficult to completely replace the traditional recruitment methods by the use of social media in the near future. This paper examines the potential impact which social media may have on the recruitment process. It places emphasis on how private sector corporations and recruitment professionals can benefit from the social media networks to promote their products and serve efficiently an d target the highly talented and qualified employees.It looks at the role of sites such as Faceable, Linked, and others are playing in the process of recruiting and hiring professionals. Problem Statement RACK private sector is limited in their recruitment of highly qualified employment by non fully using Social Media as a recruitment tool. Social media can positively influence the recruitment in RACK private sector and can lead to the employment of highly talented and qualified employees. The increase use of social media in other Emirates may decrease growth in RACK and hinder technological advancement.Most job seekers and employers are using social media so the private sector of RACK needs to address this issue in ordain to access these Job seekers. Rationale for the inquiry Many companies seek to find highly qualified employees. As stated by None, companies spend large amount of resources in their recruitment efforts (None, R, 2012). Many of them use various strategies to recr uit. Social Media have been successful in many aspects of the career path from networking to marketing specialized goods and services (Ponderous & Olives, 2013).According to Headwords, Social Media is found to be all-important(a) among the working population and became the main medium of communication. Many companies, both public and private relied have found success in using social media and have integrate it into their daily operation (Headwords, A. , 2011). This study will show that there will be a significant increase in the recruitment of highly qualified employee in RACK private sector when social media is utilized in the recruitment process. The following research questions will undoubtedly be answered inside this research paper 1 .Which social media sites are mostly utilise in recruitment in RACK private sector corporations? 2. To what extent does the use of social media networks lead to effective recruitment? 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using social me dia in recruiting individuals? Definition of Terms Social Media is any form of online network that abet social exchange of psyches, views, personal communication and friendship. Some media develop lifelong relationships and individual collaboration that are informal and transparent.These sites include Faceable, Linked, Video, Sing and Twitter (Ponderous, & Olivia, 2013). Private Sector consists of companies or industries that are independently owned and operated without government interference. Highly Qualified employees are those employees that have high skilled qualifications or possess high educational degrees (None, 2012). Limitation of the Study The impact of social media on recruitment is a new topic and there is a lack of studies about it. In addition, the study is conducted single in the RACK region.Since confidential information is involved, some information is accepted through verbal interview. The definition of highly qualified is coition to the Job requirements and t hus may not be standard across all industries. Although candidates can be reached effectively and easily via social media networks, the risk is, if this scheme is not accompanied with other traditional recruitment search methods, then some talented candidates may not be targeted because still there are many people who do not use these networks and prefer the traditional expression of searching and applying for a Job.Furthermore, online profiles dont certainly give an accurate picture of the individuals. Assessing someones potential and skills based only on an online profile leaves the door open for unethical practices. Summary The study will show that the use of the Social Media in recruitment in the private sector in RACK improves the applicant pool and enhance the application process. Furthermore the study will show that the result of the use of social media improve productivity and meet the demands for highly qualified employees.The study will also show that social media have a positive impact on recruitment. With the era of social media, the approach to work and find Jobs has changed. Social media will not disappear completely therefore recruiters and employers can take more benefit of this by adopting hiring and recruitment methods that utilize social media networks. Social media, however, has some limitations associated with its use in recruitment process.Although employers can get some benefits using social individuals and professionals as well as the impact on the picking criteria of individuals. Instead of identifying social media as a recruitment solution, employers should realize and understand that they need to work more closely with the professionals to be able to get the right candidates they are looking for, rather than spending time, money and other resources without any return or benefit. I personally believe that social media cannot solely replace the traditional recruitment methods in the near future.Chapter 2 Literature review According to molar (201 1), recruitment can be defined as the process of determination, selecting, attracting and hiring qualified personnel to be employed inwardly an organization and contribute to the achievement of its goals and objectives (Molar, 2011, p. 56). Philips (1999) believes that the recruitment process may involve trying to attract highly qualified and talented individuals, screening the applications, and selecting the right applicant for the Job (Philips, 1999, p. ). He argues that the Recruitment and selection of personnel is considered a very critical component of unman resources functions which drives the organizations success and development (Philips, 1999, p. 10). Most organizations and companies worldwide use the traditional way of recruiting and some ladder to use a mixture of both traditional slipway and online recruiting with the use of social media networks (Molar, 2011, p. 68).According to Ponderous and Olives (2013), Recruiting e-recruitment, or recruiting via the use of social media networks and internet, is a phenomenon that has led to the expression of a new market in which there is an unprecedented level of interaction between employers ND potential employees (Ponderous& Olivia, 2013, p. 33). None (2012), believes that online technology and the use of social media in recruiting are crucial to companies that compete for the best talented candidates in a high speed Job market (None, 2012, p. 77). This is because the use of the social media can retain a lot of time, cost and efforts and also allow organizations to target more qualified candidates all over the world (None, 2012, p. 161). This paper involves to discuss the impact of using social media networks in the recruitment and selection process at RACK private sector. Examples of the online social media networks which are utilize heavily are the use Linked, Faceable, Twitter, Whats, etcAccording to Media (201 1), these social network sites can be defined as web-based services tha t allow individuals to construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, articulate a list of other users with whom they share a wedion, and view their list of connections (Media, 2011, p. 13). These network sites nowadays has connected the people all over the world and most individuals are using these sites to search for Jobs besides the other purposes of entertainment and injection with other people (Media, 2011, p. 93).Some organizations had already planned and used these networks in their recruitment process in order to target more qualified individuals worldwide and minimize the cost. These organizations use the social media networks to advertise for their Job openings and at the same Using the social media networks in recruiting employees at RACK private companies may reduce the huge cost that is used in advertising for the Job postings and it can also inspection and repair RACK private companies to brand their business processes through the use of these sit es to market their products and services.RACK private companies nowadays face the challenge of finding the top talented candidates that they need to hire in order to meet the requirement of the business. As suggested by Philips (1999), this problem of finding the right candidates can be solved by finding other strategies of recruiting such as the use of social media networks (Philips, 1999, p. 24). According to Molar (201 1), there is an increase trend internationally to use the corporate websites and social networks in recruiting and selecting individuals.This can open the chances for RACK private companies to target more international antedates from all over the world with the availability of these sites that connect all people at a minimum cost (Molar, 2011, p. 256). Furthermore, by using these social media sites, the vacancies can be filled faster and therefore save the time that can be spent in searching for qualified candidates through the uses of traditional methods of advert ising and Job posting (Headwords, 2011, p. 11).Headwords (2011) argues that these sites can also help organizations to increase their brand visibility online which can establish an excellent image and brand for these organizations. (Headwords, 2011, p. 118). Therefore, RACK private companies can use the social media networks to brand their products and services and brand the companies image worldwide. By using these sites private companies at RACK can post their vacancies to a larger community and their postings can be accessed by a larger number of qualified candidates (Headwords, 2011, p. 45). This can help private companies at RACK to increase the quality of their hires by attracting the right people for the right Jobs through these social media networks (Sweeney, 2011, p. 58). In addition, there are other benefits of using social media and according to Ponderous and Olivia (2013), social media has improved the recruitment process by making it more democratic and open (Ponderous & Olives, 2013, p. 74).So, private companies at RACK can benefit from the use of these social networks to make its vacancies and Job posting open internationally to all people and this will help immensely to have a wide pool of applicants where it will be easier to find talented potentials. rule This study intends to investigate the impact of using social media on recruitment process and the perception of the HRS professionals at RACK private sector about the SE of these social networks in hiring and selecting personnel.A mixed method will be utilized for this research which consists of both quantitative and qualitative data collection tools in order to provide more in depth data collection and ensure more accurate result of the impact of social media on recruitment process. Participants The population of this study consists of all directors and HRS managers of private companies in Rasa AAA shaman. In order to answer the research questions, a total of 40-50 respondents from 20 comp anies in Rasa AAA Shaman private sector were elected based on a random or probability sampling, so all participants will have equal prospect to take part in this research.Selected participants will answer a questionnaire structured in Liker format to ask about the use and the impact of social media on recruitment process. The data that will be collected from the respondents will be calculated for clarification and analysis. Instruments A survey questionnaire using the Liker format will be used in this research . The scale below will be used to analyses the answers of all the respondents for each question by calculating the weighted crocked Range Interpretation 3. 01 4. 00 Agree 1. 01 -2. 00 Strongly Agree 2. 1 3. 00 Disagree 0. 00- 1. 00 Strongly Disagree To test the validity of the questionnaire, it will distributed to 5 participants and these participants along with their results of the questionnaire, will not be part of the research and they were used Just to test the validit y. Questionnaire development Seven questions will be used to determine the possible relationship between the variables (social media and recruitment) . The questions that were included in the questionnaire had a choice of 4 points from strongly agree to strongly disagree.All questions were selected carefully to be relevant to the topic and to reflect the aim of this study and enable to get the right results. The questionnaire will have the following topics 1. The usage of internet and social networks to target talented candidates. 2. Participants opinion about the idea of using social media in recruitment (open? Disagree? ) 3. The support from the top management for the use of social media in recruitment. 4. The benefits of using social media in recruitment such as saving time, cost, etc.. 5.The role of social media in branding and marketing of organizations 6. Disadvantages of using social media in recruitment. 7. The importance of using the traditional ways of recruiting besides t he use of social media. Data Collection Plan Primary research and secondary research will be used. The primary research will be meetings, observation and general discussions with those directors will be used. The secondary data is based on the literature review including articles, Journals and books which was collected earlier about the impact of using social media in recruitment process.Statistical analysis of the data When the questionnaire will be collected from the participants, statistics will be used o analyze all the data through the use of SPAS to come up with the statistical analysis for this study. The aim of this study was to identify the impact of using social media (independent variable) on recruitment process (dependent variable). For the purpose of testing the hypothesis, analysis of data will be done and represented in tables.HI will indicate that there is a positive relationship and good impact of using social media in recruiting. H2O will show that there is a negat ive impact of social media networks if used in recruitment process. HO will indicate that there is no impact or any relationship between the use of social media and recruitment process. Implication and Limitation Studies about the use of social media networks are away from its impact on recruitment and the effective use of it in hiring as HRS function.The demonstration which this research will be able to draw, is the how HRS professionals can benefit from the use of social media and what are pros and cons and the impact of social networks if applied and used in recruitment instead of the other traditional methods of hiring. This research will also reveal that social media networks can be used in other littorals and not only recruitment it can be used for example in marketing campaigns and branding. This research will be conducted in RACK region only and the results may not apply to other companies in the AAU or may not benefit them.Some of the questions that will be asked to partic ipants, considered to be confidential and therefore respondents may not provide the accurate answer and this will affect the findings and results of the research. Appendices and References Appendix A Questionnaire 1. The use of internet and social networks can improve the way we target talented candidates from all over the world. Strongly Agree 4 Agree 3 Disagree 2 Strongly disagree 2. I am very open to the idea of using these social media networks fully in the recruitment process without the need to use the traditional methods of hiring. Ring employees 4. Social networks when used in recruiting can save time and reduce the cost of advertisement for Job postings 5. Social media can contribute to the branding of the organization if used in the right way cannot trust the social media users because some conditional information cannot be published online and this therefore can affect the selection decision.

Canada: 1920’s and 1930’s

How Canadian Men Stayed Clean During the Dirty Thirties The mid-twenties were a time of flappers, bobs, and bash with nonhing but buying exorbitant goods in between. However, these careless times were short- lived and the dirty thirties began a few years later. Society was affected on a large economic scale which in turn put a strain on the familial bonds of those trying to survive the drastic variety between these two decades as men went to drastic lengths to reinforcement their families, as seen in the film Cinderella Man.Canadian citizens of the 1920s lived in a hazy dream where silver was as easily gained as it was spent. Canadians were facing a time of prosperity, where wages were high and unemployment was low. Such prosperity created a sense of monetary and economic warrantor within Canada and the more than Canadians earned, the more they wanted to gain. Canadians were willing to make risky decisions and so, some(prenominal) saw excitement and a quick- rise to wealth i n the declination markets. Companies would sell melodic lines, or shares, in their business to investors. In return, investors were entitled to a share of any profits a company earned.In auberge to increase profit, many began to buy on margin. To elaborate, they would purchase a stock with a small down payment and borrow the rest based on the value of the stock as collateral from banks. Most citizens thought that the prosperity of the twenties would last far into the future and would allow for a luxurious and care- free life where no one would have to pay attention to possible future issues. In contrast, the 1930s saw the end of prosperity as depression quickly come out in. On October 29, 1929, better known as Black Tuesday, the stock market had reached its peak.Those with many shares and an excess of cash began to sell their stocks. Thus, the cattle heard effect began and those at the bottom of the stock market pyramid began to follow the precedent and quickly sold their stocks all at once. In a single day, the value of stocks on the worlds major market stock exchanges dropped by 50%. Almost every Canadian citizen lost their investments as well as their previous profits as banks began to repossess everyones belongings as compensation for the numerous loans almost everyone had taken in order to invest in the stocks.It was during the thirties that Canadians began to realize that perhaps a plan for future problems would be extremely helpful- of course citizens had to suffer quite a bit before these realizations were made. As a result of the drastic shift in wealth, citizens of the thirties became increasingly desperate and were willing to do do laborious and tedious work for a unsullied $0. 20 at most in contrast to the relaxing and languid investments that brought quick wealth in the twenties. During 1933, Canadas unemployment rate was nearly 30%- not including farmers and fishermen.Meaning, if a man was able to find a job he was extremely lucky and was ve ry unlikely to be given the same prospect the next day. Thus, very few had the good fortune to turn down any form of work as physically draining as it was. To illustrate, in Cinderella Man, James Braddock pushes himself beyond physical weaknesses to work at a dock where work is laborious and almost unbearable. He is willing to suffer the pain of a broken hand and gain a limited amount of pay simply because the docks were his only method of obtaining decent pay- after his loss of a boxing license.For most Canadians, there was only one method of obtaining money and it was often tiresome, tedious, and grueling but, it was the only way to bring in some form of support for their families. Beyond the physical labour, Canadian men of the thirties were forced to conquer their pride and accept charitable donations and relief aid from the government in order to support their families. In the movie, Cinderella Man, James Braddock is forced to accept relief in his desperate attempt to keep hi s family together though he admitted it was a shameful act for any man during the Depression.Barry Broadfoot, a relief worker, described the appearance of these men, as though they were signing away their manhood, their right to be a preserve and sit at the head of the table and carve the roast. In admitting to needing the governments support, men felt that they had let down their families and had become unfit as head of the family as society expected a man to be able to work and provide full support to his family during the 1900s. Many men, in the hopes of purpose some way to support their families, left their homes and travelled West in search of work. Many rode the rails nto British Columbia and found only more charities. As a result, the government set up relief camps to rid the provinces streets of the desperate men in search of unattainable work. everywhere 200 000 men lived in these camps during 1933 and faced a life similar to that of prison. The only benefit was that at lest a few cents were made each day- a small but necessary sum of money in the face of the Depression. However, Canadian men soon protested the terrible conditions in the relief camps. The chaotic riots and protests tell towards Canadas government, such as the Regina riot and On-to-Ottawa Trek, led R.B. Bennett to create the New Deal which established minimum wages and unemployment insurance among other policies which resulted in a small victory for future Canadians who would face Depression as the business cycle continued its circulation. In conclusion, the lives of Canadians differed drastically as the carefree times of the twenties abruptly ended- plummeting Canada into a Depression within a matter of days. The men of the time had been terribly effected and the carefree dream of the twenties had left Canadians piercingly and cautious after the reality of the thirties touched them.

Sociology & Suicide

Introduction to Sociology Performance Assessment Task 1 Sociology & Suicide Amy M. Ehlert Northcentral Technical College Abstract In this paper, I introduce Emile Durkheims ideas of suicide and the four types. I also discuss the sociological perspectives of the variations in suicide rates that Durkheims theory is able to explain. Fin all(prenominal)y, in conclusion, I offer my own personal views on the issuance of suicide and propose ways that society could prevent suicide. Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist who published one of many books, entitled, Suicide.In it, he showed the different suicide rates between Protestant and Catholic people. This book was published in 1897, so, it reflects his findings at that point in time. Some of the theories that Durkheim established about suicide universe at a higher rate include the following * Men than women * Single than married * Childless than with children * Protestants than Catholics/Jews * Soldiers than civilians * Times of peac e than in times of war * Scandinavian countries * Higher education level The four subtypes of suicide that Durkheim recognized were egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalist.Egoistic suicide resulted from a feeling of non belonging or having no sense of meaning. Altruistic was being overwhelmed by a societys beliefs and they feel less important. Anomic was from a persons basic lack of not knowing where they fit in. Finally, fatalistic suicide, which is the rarest, is when a persons future or what they are passionate about are oppressed by harsh discipline. The longitudinal variation in Durkheims theory is fairly much constant in that during each decade, the rates stay about the same. They range from a low of 10. 6/100,000 in 1960 to a high of 12. 4/100,000 in 1990.The average rate appeases around 11. 39/100,000. No matter the difference in integration, social ties or freedom, the suicide rates remain about the same. Suicide rates are higher among college students because they t end to gift more variant in their lives or more things to worry about. They have all new things to worry about and do not have the closeness of their parents to help them as they did before. Some occupations can sum up suicide rates and they include dentists, artists, teachers, etc. The type of work the person does and if they are depended on by others for their work can push these people to suicide.Single people tend to have higher suicide rates than married. When you are married, you are part of a functioning unit and dependent upon each other. Adding children into the mix does and can add stress but also makes one happier, in my opinion. Single people are more isolated and less likely to have such close bonds. As for those with advancing age, they just seem to have given up. They think they have lived their lives and what more can they do? The late Dr. Kevorkian tended a lot of assisted suicides pass along mostly by elderly people.The median age of Dr. Kevorkians patients was 74. That really shows how the elderly just seem to want to give up and pass on. Among the black and purity youth population, Durkheim showed it was more likely for white youngsters, especially those who were wealthy, to take their own lives. This seemed to be due to even though these white youths had more economic advantage, they were a good deal socially isolated. However, black youth suicide is on the rise in our country. I read that this is due to the breakdown of family and easier access to alcohol and drugs.However, the biggest factor is the increase of the black middle class, which puts more stress on these kids from their new social surroundings. In conclusion, I believe a lot of suicides generally stem from a cry for help. In my past, I have had these types of thoughts and am currently on an anti-depressant. There should be more literature available, especially for our youth, so they can be thoroughly educated on suicide. From my own personal experience, most attempted su icides are a cry for help. These people want help but not in a condescending way. They dont want to be made fun of or made to feel like crap for their feelings.They just want to be understood. At least that is how I always felt. I believe there should be more youth groups or places youngsters can go and get come to in a healthy manner. Even for those who feel isolated by the normal groups in schools like athletics, choir, etc. There should be a friendship center specializing in groups of different interests that are not offered in a typical educational environment. So, overall, I propose more education on suicide, a better understanding of those who are suicidal or depressed, and a place for the community to help them, not just our youth but all of our society.REFERENCES Macionis, J. J. (2009). Sociology (13th Ed. ). upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Prentice Hall. Suicide (book). (n. d. ). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved Sept. 11, 2011 , from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Suicide_(book). Randall, Vernellia R. (1993, 2008). Suicide Among Black Youth 1980-1995. Retrieved Sept. 11, 2011, from http//academic. udayton. edu/health/01status/suicide01. htm. Massango, Rataemane and Motojesi (2008). Suicide and suicide try factors A literature review. CPD Article, p. 25-28. Retrieved Sept. 1, 2011, from http//www. safpj. co. za/index. php/safpj/article/viewFile/1302/1305. Maris, Berman, Silverman and Bongar, (2000). The Comprehensive Textbook of Suicidology Part II Sociodemographic and Epidemiological Issues, p. 194-203. Retrieved Sept. 11, 2011, from http//books. google. com/books? id=Zi-xoFAPnPMC&pg=PA202&lpg=PA202&dqv=onepage&q&f=false. Physician-Assisted Suicide Advocate Dr. Jack Kevorkian to be released from prison. (May 27, 2007). Retrieved Sept. 11, 2011, from http//www. foxnews. com/ bosh/0,2933,275712,00. html.

Government Hospitals of India

Health caution in India features a universal wellness c be system run by the constituent kingdoms and territories of India. The Constitutioncharges every state with raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties. The National Health Policy was endorsed by the Parliament of India in 1983 and updated in 2002. 1 However, the government sector is understaffed and underfinanced poor services at state-run hospitals force many people to visit private medical practitioners. citation needed Government hospitals, some of which are among the best hospitals in India, provide discussion at taxpayer expense. Most essential drugs are offered free of charge in these hospitals. Government hospitals provide treatment either free or at minimal charges. For example, an outpatient computer menu at AIIMS (one of the best hospitals in India) costs a one time fee of rupees 10 (around 20 cents US) and in that re spectafter outpatient medical advice is free. In-hospital treatment costs depend on financial condition of the patient and facilities utilized by him but are usually much less than the private sector.For instance, a patient is waived treatment costs if he is below poverty line. Another patient may seek for an air-conditioned room if he is willing to pay extra for it. The charges for elemental in-hospital treatment and investigations are much less compared to the private sector. The cost for these subsidies comes from annual allocations from the central and state governments. Primary health care is provided by city and order hospitals and hoidenish primary health centres (PHCs). These hospitals provide treatment free of cost.Primary care is focused on immunization, prevention of malnutrition, pregnancy, tiddler birth, postnatal care, and treatment of common illnesses. citation needed Patients who recover specialized care or have complicated illnesses are referred to secondary ( often located in district and taluk headquarters) and tertiary care hospitals (located in district and state headquarters or those that are t distributivelying hospitals). citation needed In recent times,when? India has eradicated mass famines, however the country still suffers from high levels of malnutrition and disease especially in rural areas.Water supply and sanitation in India is also a major issue in the country and many Indians in rural areas lack access to fit sanitation facilities and safe drinking water. However, at the same time, Indias health care system also includes entities that meet or exceed international quality standards. The medical tourism business in India has been growing in recent years and as such India is a popular destination for medical tourists who receive rough-and-ready medical treatment at lower costs than in developed countries.Disease India suffers from high levels of disease including Malaria,17 and Tuberculosis where one third of the worlds tebibyte cases are in India. 18 In addition, India along with Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan is one of the four countries worldwide where polio has not as yet been eradicated. Ongoing government of India education some HIV has led to decreases in the spread of HIV in recent years. The number of people living with AIDS in India is estimated to be between 2 and 3 million.However, in terms of the total population this is a small number. The country has had a sharp decrease in the estimated number of HIV infections 2005 reports had claimed that there were 5. 2 million to 5. 7 million people afflicted with the virus. The new figures are supported by the worldly concern Health Organization and UNAIDS. 192021 editPollution According to the World Health Organization 900,000 Indians die each year from drinking contaminated water and breathing in polluted air. 22 As India grapples with these basic issues, new challenges are emerging for example there is a rise in chronic adult diseases s uch as cardiovascular illnesses and diabetes as a consequence of changing lifestyles. 23 editMalnutrition Half of children in India are underweight, one of the highest rates in the world and nearly same as Sub-Saharan Africa. 24 India contributes to about 5. 6 million child deaths every year, more than half the worlds total. 25 editWater and sanitation Main article Water supply and sanitation in India Water supply and sanitation in India is a matter of concern.As of 2003, it was estimated that only 30% of Indias wastewater was being treated, with the remainder flowing into rivers orgroundwater. 26 The lack of toilet facilities in many areas also presents a major health risk open defecation is widespread even in urban areas of India,2728 and it was estimated in 2002 by the World Health Organisation that around 700,000 Indians die each year from diarrhoea. 26 No city in India has full-day water supply. Most cities supply water only a few hours a day. 29 In towns and rural areas the dapple is even worse. edit

Compare and Contrast Essay on Pet Dog or Cat Essay

All over the world, people adopt or acquire puppets to serve as pets. People own pets for a variety of reasons, and there argon many diametric animals that smoke serve as pets. However, two of the most commonly found pets are computer-aided designs and goofballs. Both animals can serve as excellent pets, still depending on the client, a pawl might make a cleanse pet than a retch, or a cat might make a better pet than a dog. In order for a future pet owner to make a choice between investing in a dog or cat, it all comes down to the cost, magazine, and precaution revolving around the two different animals.When investing in a dog or a cat, the customer has to understand that both animals cost currency to own. In general, dogs are a more expensive investment. plain in the initial adoption or purchase, a dog usually costs more than a cat. A dog owner has to buy food for their dog to eat twice a sidereal day and the quantity of each meal varies between big dogs and small dogs . In addition, dog vaccinations cost m maveny, as well as different supplies like shampoo to keep dogs clean, and toys to keep dogs able. If a pet dog gets sick, the owner has to pay money to take the dog to a vet and buy medicine for the animal to get better. If a dog owner goes away of town, he or she usually has to pay money for someone to take care of their dog. Which can end up organism expensive beca engagement of the measuring of time behind taking care of a dog. Just like dog owners, cat owners surrender to fade money on food for the animal. Cats do not normally eat as much as dogs but still film to be fed two quantify a day. Cat owners nurture to buy shots for their cats to keep them healthy as well as purchase different supplies a cat needs to function. Cat owners brook to buy a litter box and litter for their cats to use the bathroom. kiss cats and pet dogs both cost money to support, and the cost of investment is different depending on the animal.Along with cos t, owning a pet dog or cat requires time out of the owners schedule. Both animals need their owner to feed them two times a day and need their owner to make authentic they have water. A dog requires a lot of timefrom their owner in order to be happy. Dogs need to be let outside or taken on walks a few times everyday in order to use the bathroom. In addition, dog owners must have time to convey with their dogs and give their dogs attention. A dog cannot be locked alone inside a house all day, everyday. Dogs alike cannot bathe themselves, so whenever they get dirty, dog owners must have time to wash them or they will be living in their own filth.Cats need time from their owners as well but cats are more independent so do not take as much time out of their owners schedule. Cats are fine on their own for long periods of time as long as they have food and water. Cats do not have to be let outside in order to use the bathroom, but cat owners must occasionally find time to clean out a c ats litter box. In addition, cats are able to groom themselves so they do not have to be bathed on a regular basis. Cat owners do have to find time to habilitate their cats claws whenever they get too long. Both cats and dogs require time out of their owners schedule in order to be happy as a pet.Pet dogs and cats require a certain direct of attention from their owners. Dogs enjoy being part of their owners lives. Dogs enjoy going on walks and runs with their owners. They also enjoy play with their owners, which can be done with a simple game of fetch. Dogs do not like being home alone and are excited when their owners come home after being out. A dog owner needs show that he or she esteems his or her dog by petting it and self-aggrandizing it enough attention. Dogs are usually very social animals and will show the same amount of love towards its owner as its owner shows towards it. Cats are more independent animals and do not require as much attention as dogs do. However, cats do enjoy being played with and loved on but not to a high extent. Cats enjoy alone time and can still be happy if its owner has a busy schedule. Both animals need attention from their owners, but differ in the amount of attention needed.When investing, the customer must decide if he or she wants to care for a dog or a cat. Each animal requires a different level cost, time, and attention which can be decision making factors on whether to get a dog or cat. Both animals are good pets, but one might be the better pet, depending on the owner.

Aristotle Life Story Essay

Aristotle was born in Greece approximately 384 B. C. , to parents Nicomachus and Phaestis. His father Nicomachus was physician to King Amyntas of Macedon, and his mother was of a fuddled family from the island of Euboea. When he was 17 he went to scan at Platos Academy in A and thens, where he stayed for approximately 20 years. Aristotle did truly well at the Academy, but when Plato died he was not chosen to be among the admiters. in brief after Platos death he left to tutor Prince Alexander, later to be known as Alexander the Great. Aristotle later returned to Athens to open his own school which is known as the Lyceum.Aristotle was more interested in science than other philosophers in his metre, maybe because his father was a doctor. Hes sometimes referred to the father of science. One of Aristotles most important contributions was sorting and classifying the various knowledge of science into branches. He thus laid the foundation of science today. Aristotle is also thought t o be the father of the scientific method. In ancient times, gods were thought to be the cause of events in nature. Early Greek philosophers questioned the roles of gods as the cause of these events. If the gods werent the cause of these events, who was?Philosophers advanced explanations based on philosophical principles and mathematical forms. Aristotle found that unsatisfactory. He was the first to insure the importance of empirical measurement (measurement based on observation and experience), believing that knowledge could only be gained from building on what was already known. Aristotles contributions were measurement and observation, which is what science, is built upon. He was the first to propose the view of induction as a tool to gaining knowledge, and understood that theoretical thought and reasoning had to be support by substantive world findings.His method is summarized as follows Study what others have written almost the subject, verbalism for the general consensus a bout the subject, and perform a systematic study of everything even parti totall(a)yy related to the topic. This is the very first sign of a scientific method. Aristotle loved categorizing and organizing things. For instance, with the soul he thought it was composed of two components a rational and irrational part. The rational half was subdivided into scientific and scheming sections, and the irrational half was make up of a desiderative (desire) part and a vegetative part.A person operates by combining all the workings of these parts. The vegetative part may be hungry. The desiderative part may want lots of glass over instead of, say, vegetables, but the scientific part knows candy will be bad for teeth and weight. The calculative part will then try to work out a compromise. Problem solved Aristotle fake that there must be some basic commodities that combine to make all things. These basic four-spot groups are, earth, water, air and get up, and each of these are a combinatio n of two of four opposites, hot and cold, and wet and dry.For example, fire is hot and dry. He claimed that all materials were make from various combinations of these elements. His love of categories also led him to divide muckle into three groups. The big group, who loved pleasure, a smaller group -includes politicians- that love honor, and the smallest, but most elect(ip) group, who love contemplation. The latter were the philosophers. Aristotles next task was to find the key reason that separated earthly concern from animals. His answer was our ability to reason. Aristotles genuinely great contribution was that of biology.Having established the division between humans and animals he set out categorizing all he could of the biological world. He grouped animals with related characteristics into genera and then divided these genera into species. This same process is used today, though subsequent research has caused some of the individuals to be travel around. He wrote in detail about five one C different animals in his works, including a hundred and twenty kinds of fish and sixty kinds of insect. He was the first to perform dissections on living things, so he could try to make sense of how they worked.He described how a chick develops within an egg and accomplished that dolphins and whales were different from fish. He noted that ruminant animals, like cows, had multi-chambered stomachs, something that separated them from simple-stomached animals. Not only did he study large animals, but small ones as well, such as bees. He also made lead way in botany. He attempted to classify over 500 plants into trees, shrubs, and herbs and, while he was not entirely successful in this, he certainly understood which features of plants were necessary for making distinctions.This time he has earned the title of father over botany. Aristotle made many other contributions to science, one of which was proving the Earth was a sphere, although he wrongly thought that Earth w as the center of the universe. Plato disagreed with this theory he sided with Copernicus who rightly thought the sunbathe was the center of the universe. Aristotle also studied physics. He did not have many tools for experimentation so he could not measure time or speed. He did not allow for invisible forces, so he did not study gravity. Things fell to Earth and the moon circled the earth because thats what they did.In spite of his limitations, Aristotle made some remarkable contributions to physics and laid the groundwork for Galileo, Newton, and Einstein. He reasoned that infinite velocities could not exist, that time and movement are continuous and inseparable, and that time was even flowing, infinite, and the same everywhere at once. These are all true, and are part of Einsteins Theory of Relativity. Thats amazing considering the limitations he had to work with. Anti-Macedonian printing broke out in Athens around 323 BC. The Athenians accused Aristotle of irreverence.He chose to flee, so that the Athenians might not twice sin against philosophy (by killing him as they had Socrates). He fled to Chalcis on the island of Euboea. Aristotle died in 322 BC. subsequently he died a lot of his work and research was lost. It is thought that today we only have about 1/3 of what he had originally written. Aristotle was an amazing scientist, but even he was not without mistakes. For example, he wrongly assumed that force is required to keep an object moving at constant speed. This flaw held progress back for years. He also, as I stated before, thought the Earth was the center of the universe.But, really isnt that what science is about? Trial and error, make mistakes then involve from them, thats how you make real progress in science. Aristotle is proof of this. Look at all the progress we have made today, from his mistakes. Bibliography Bibliography 1. http//www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/ history/aristotle. html 2. http//www. enotes. com/topics/aristotle 3. http//www. philosophypages. com/ph/aris. htm 4. http//jcmooreonline. com/2010/12/28/aristotles-enduring-contribution-to-scien ce-education-and-physics/ 5. http//www. iep. utm. edu/aristotl/ 6. http//galileo. phys. virginia.edu/classes/109N/lectures/aristot2. html 7. http//www. valpo. edu/geomet/histphil/test/aristotl. html 8. http//plato. stanford. edu/entries/aristotle-biology/LifWor 9. http//leavis. tripod. com/science. htm 10. http//www. experiment-resources. com/history-of-the-scientific-method. html 11. http//www. sciencekids. co. nz/sciencefacts/scientists/aristotle. html 12. http//www. historyforkids. org/learn/greeks/philosophy/aristotle. htm 13. http//www. mlahanas. de/Greeks/AristotleBiol. htm 14. http//www. thocp. net/biographies/aristoteles. html 15. Info from class 16. Physical Science Book.

Christopher Marlowe Essay

Christopher MarloweIntroductionDrama presents fiction or fact in a variation that could be acted beforehand an consultation. It is imitation by deed and row. A hornswoggle has a plot, characters, atmosphere and conflict. Unlike a novel, which in read in private, a campaign is mean to be performed in customary. Christopher Marlowe was a issuestandingest of pre Shakespearian gamboltists, poet and translator. Marlowes jobs argon kn let for the character of blanched indite, He was kn birth as the Father of inc border Tragedy Origin and develop ment of British DramaThe Ro s experiencedierys introduced drama to England, during the medieval rate of flow. A number of auditoriums were constructed for the perfor gentle earthly disturbs gentle macrocosmce of the art form, when it came to the arna. Mummers mildews, associated with the Morris dance, became a popular form of street th obliteratere during the period. The perfor art objectces were base on the old stories of Saint George, Robin Hood and Dragon. The artists moved from town to town, to perform these folk tales. They were come mostn m mavin and only(a)y and hospitality, in re eddy for their performance. The mystery and morality looseness of the bowelss, performed during medieval period at religious festivals, carried the Christian theme. The slope Renaissance, a cultural and artistic movement in England country that final stageed from 16th to early-17th century, paved the way for the dominance of drama in the country. Queen Elizabeth I take in charged during the period, when great poetry and drama were produced. The renowned bunkwrights of this meter included William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jon word of honor and crapper Webster. The dramatists wrote animates based on themes like hi paper, drollery and cataclysm. darn around of the playwrights specialized in only one of the themes, Shakespeare emerged as an artist who produced plays based on on the whole the troika themes. Pre Shakespearian DramaThe University Wits, nearly wholly of whom were associated with Oxford and Cambridge, did overmuch to found the Elizabethan schoolhouse of drama. They were all much or less aquainted with each other, and most of them led irregular and stormy lives. Their plays had s ever soal(prenominal)(prenominal) features in popular. There was a fondness of expansive themes, such as the lives of great figures like Mohammed and Tamburlaine. whizzic themes take heroic treatment great fullness andvariety splendid descriptions, capacious s heartying speeches, the handling of red incidents and emotions. These qualities, excellent when held in restraint, only too much led to loudness and disorder. The style too was heroic. The chief aim was to achieve strong and sounding lines, magnificient epithets, and federal agencyful declamation. This again led to abuse and to simple bombast, mouthing, and in the worst carapaces to nonsense. In the best example s, such as in Marlowe, the result is quite impressive. In this connection it is to be noned that the best medium for such expression was untenanted rhyme, which was sufficiently conciliatory to bear the strong pressure of these expansive methods. The themes were usually tragic in spirit, for the dramatists were as a rule too much in earnest to give heed to what was submited to be the lower species of comedy. The general lose of real humour in the early drama is one of its most prominent features. Humour, when it is brought in at all, is coarse and im ripe. Christopher Marlowe (1564 1593)Marlowes Early brioChristopher Marlowe, side dramatist, the father of position tragedy, and instaurator of hammy livid verse, the outsetborn son of a shoe bindr at Canterbury, was born in that city on the 6th of February 1564. He was christened at St Georges Church, Canterbury, on the 26th of February, 1563/4, about dickens months before Shakespeares baptism at Stratford-on-Avon. His f ather, John Marlowe, is said to prolong been the grandson of John Morley or Marlowe, a substantial tanner of Canterbury. The father, who survived by a 12 long term or so his illustrious son, remotem married on the 22nd of May 1561 Catherine, daughter of Christopher Arthur, at one time rector of St Peters, Canterbury, who had been ejected by Queen Mary as a married minister. The dramatist received the rudiments of his education at the world-beaters School, Canterbury, which he entered at Michaelmas 1578, and where he had as his fellow-pupils Richard Boyle, afterwards cognize as the great Earl of Cork, and Will Lyly, the brother of John Lyly the dramatist. Stephen Gosson entered the same school a miniscule before, and William Harvey, the famous physician, a shortsighted after Marlowe. He went to Cambridge as one of Archbishop Parkers scholars from the Kings School, and matriculated at Benet (Corpus Christi) College, on the 17th of March 1571, taking his B.A. degree in 1584, and thatof M.A. three or four years afterward. Marlowes Contri exactlyion to British DramaIn a playwriting career that spanned little more than six years, Marlowes doings were diverse and splendid. Perhaps before leaving Cambridge he had already create verbally Tamburlaine the Great (in two parts, both performed by the end of 1587 published 1590). Almost certainly during his later Cambridge years, Marlowe had translated Ovids Amores (The Loves) and the first book of Lu shags Pharsalia from the Latin. About this time he also wrote the play Dido, Queen of Carthage (published in 1594 as the joint blend of Marlowe and doubting Thomas Nashe). With the production of Tamburlaine he received recognition and acclaim, and playwriting became his major strike in the few years that lay ahead. Both parts of Tamburlaine were published anonymously in 1590, and the publishing house omitted certain passages that he found incongruous with the plays serious concern with fib unconstipated so, th e extant Tamburlaine text can be regarded as substantially Marlowes.No other of his plays or songs or editions was published during his life. His au naturel(p) plainly splendid poem Hero and Leanderwhich is almost certainly the finest nonspectacular Elizabethan poem apart from those produced by Edmund Spenserappeared in 1598. There is argument among scholars concerning the order in which the plays subsequent to Tamburlaine were indite. It is not uncommonly held that Faustus quickly followed Tamburlaine and that then Marlowe turned to a more neutral, more social kind of writing in Edward II and The Massacre at capital of France. His last play may go been The Jew of Malta, in which he unco broke new ground. It is known that Tamburlaine, Faustus, and The Jew of Malta were performed by the full admirals manpower, a company whose outstanding agent was Edward Alleyn, who most certainly played Tamburlaine, Faustus, and Barabas the Jew. Plays of Christopher MarloweMarlowes plays, all tragedies, were written at middle five years (1587-92). He had no bent for comedy, and the comic parts found in some of his plays are always deficient and may be by other sources. As a dramatist Marlowe had serious limitations, though it is promising to trace a growing sense of the theatre through his plays. Dido, Queen of Carthage (1586)Dido, Queen of Carthage is a fiddling play written by the English playwrightChristopher Marlowe, with possible contri saveions by Thomas Nashe. The story of the play focuses on the classical figure of Dido, the Queen of Carthage. It tells an intense dramatic tale of Dido and her fanatical do for Aeneas (induced by Cupid), Aeneas betrayal of her and her as yettual suicide on his departure for Italy. Jupiter is fondling Ganymede, who says that Jupiters wife Juno has been mistreating him because of her jealousy. Venus enters, and complains that Jupiter is neglecting her son Aeneas, who has left troy with survivors of the defeated city. He was on his way to Italy, only if is now lost in a storm. Jupiter tells her not to worry he testament quiet the storm. Venus travels to Libya, where she disguises herself as a lethal and meets Aeneas, who has arrived, lost, on the coast. He and a few followers gull become separated from their comrades. He recognises her, but she denies her identity. She friends him meet up with Illioneus, Sergestus and Cloanthes, other surviving Trojans who lose already received generous hospitality from the topical anaesthetic ruler Dido, Queen of Carthage. Dido meets Aeneas and promises to supply his ships. She asks him to give her the uncoiled story of the generate of Troy, which he does in detail, describing the stopping point of Priam, the loss of his own wife and his escape with his son Ascanius and other survivors.Didos suitor, Iarbas, presses her to agree to marry him. She knock againstms to privilege him, but Venus has other plans. She disguises Cupid as Aeneass son Ascanius, so that he can permit close to Dido and touch her with his arrow. He does so Dido immediately falls in passionateness with Aeneas and rejects Iarbas out of hand, to his repulsive force and confusion. Didos sister Anna, who is in love with Iarbas, encourages Dido to pursue Aeneas. She and Aeneas meet at a countermine, where Dido declares her love. They enter the cave to make love. Iarbas swears he will get revenge. Venus and Juno appear, arguing over Aeneas. Venus believes that Juno wants to harm her son, but Juno denies it, saying she has important plans for him. Aeneass followers say they must allow for Libya, to fulfil their destiny in Italy. Aeneas seems to agree, and prepares to depart. Dido sends Anna to get wind out what is happening. She brings Aeneas back, who denies he intended to leave. Dido forgives him, but as a precaution removes all the sails and tackle from his ships. She also places Ascanius in the custody of the cling to, believing that Aeneas will not leave wit hout him.However, Ascanius is genuinely the disguised Cupid. Dido says that Aeneas will be king of Carthage and anyone who objects will beexecuted. Aeneas agrees and plans to build a new city to rival Troy and strike back at the Greeks. Mercury appears with the real Ascanius and informs Aeneas that his destiny is in Italy and that he must leave on the orders of Jupiter. Aeneas reluctantly accepts the divine command. Iarbas sees the opportunity to be rid of his rival and agrees to supply Aeneas with the mis ejaculateg tackle. Aeneas tells Dido he must leave. She pleads with him to ignore Jupiters command, but he refuses to do so. He departs, leaving Dido in despair. The Nurse says that Ascanius has disappeared. Dido orders her to be imprisoned. She tells Iarbas and Anna that she intends to make a funeral pyre on which she will burn ein truththing that reminds her of Aeneas. After cursing Aeneas progeny, she throws herself into the fire. Iarbas, horrified, kills himself too. Anna, e yesight Iarbas dead, kills herself. Tamburlaine the Great (15871588)Tamburlaine the Great is a play in two parts by Christopher Marlowe. It is loosely based on the life of the Central Asian emperor, Timur the lame. Written in 1587 or 1588, the play is a milestone in Elizabethan public drama it marks a turning remote from the unqualified terminology and loose plotting of the earlier Tudor dramatists, and a new interest in fresh and magnificent language, memorable action, and intellectual complexity. Along with Thomas small frys The Spanish Tragedy, it may be considered the first popular success of Londons public stage. Marlowe, generally considered the greatest of the University Wits, fascinated playwrights well into the Jacobean period, and echoes of Tamburlaines bombast and am numberion can be found in English plays all the way to the prude closing of the theatres in 1642. While Tamburlaineis considered inferior to the great tragedies of the late-Elizabethan and early-Jacobe an period, its significance in creating a stock of themes and, especially, in demonstrating the po bivouacial of blank verse in drama, are still acknowledged. Part 1The play opens in Persepolis. The Persian emperor, Mycetes, dispatches troops to dispose of Tamburlaine, a Scythian shepherd and at that point a mobile bandit. In the same scene, Mycetes brother Cosroe plots to overthrow Mycetes and assume the throne. The scene shifts to Scythia, where Tamburlaine is shown wooing, capturing, and winning Zenocrate, the daughterof the Egyptian king. Confronted by Mycetes soldiers, he packs first the soldiers and then Cosroe to join him in a fight against Mycetes. Although he promises Cosroe the Persian throne, Tamburlaine reneges on this promise and, after defeating Mycetes, takes personal control of the Persian Empire.Suddenly a right figure, Tamburlaine decides to pursue moreover conquests. A campaign against Turkey yields him the Turkish king Bajazeth and his wife Zabina as captives he keeps them in a cage and at one point uses Bajazeth as a footstool. After conquest Africa and naming himself emperor of that continent, Tamburlaine sets his eyes on Damascus this target places the Egyptian Sultan, his father-in-law, right off in his path. Zenocrate pleads with her husband to spare her father. He complies, instead making the Sultan a tributary king. The play ends with the wedding of Zenocrate and Tamburlaine, and the crowning of the former as Empress of Persia. Part 2Tamburlaine grooms his sons to be conquerors in his wake as he continues to conquer his neighbouring kingdoms. His oldest son, Calyphas, preferring to stay by his mothers side and not risk death, incurs Tamburlaines wrath. Meanwhile, the son of Bajazeth, Callapine, escapes from Tamburlaines jail and gathers a group of tributary kings to his side, planning to avenge his father. Callapine and Tamburlaine meet in battle, where Tamburlaine is victorious. further finding Calyphas remained in his tent d uring the battle, Tamburlaine kills him in anger. Tamburlaine then forces the defeated kings to pull his chariot to his next battlefield, declaring, Upon reaching Babylon, which holds out against him, Tamburlaine displays further acts of riotous savagery. When the Governor of the city attempts to save his life in return for revealing the city treasury, Tamburlaine has him hung from the city walls and orders his men to shoot him to death. He orders the inha potato chipants men, women, and sisterren bound and thrown into a nearby lake. Lastly, Tamburlaine scornfully burns a re-create of the Quran and claims to be greater than matinee idol. In the final act, he is struck ill but manages to defeat one more foe before he dies. He bids his remaining sons to conquer the remainder of the earth as he departs life. The play is often linked to Renaissance gentleism which idealises the emf of valet beings.Tamburlaines incli terra firma to immense power raises profound religious questi ons as he arrogates for himself a place as the pine outdoor(a) of God (an epithet originally applied to Attila the Hun). Some readers nonplus linked this stance with the fact that Marlowe was incriminate of atheism. Others have been more concerned with a supposed anti-Muslim thread of the play, highlighted in a scene in which the main character burns the Quran. Jeff Dailey notes in his article Christian Underscoring in Tamburlaine the Great, Part II that Marlowes work is a direct successor to the traditional medieval morality plays,3and that, whether or not he is an atheist, he has inherited religious elements of content and allegorical methods of presentation. The Jew of Malta (1589)The Jew of Malta is a play by Christopher Marlowe, probably written in 1589 or 1590. Its plot is an original story of religious conflict, intrigue, and revenge, set against a backdrop of the get by for supremacy between Spain and the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean that takes place on the isla nd of Malta. The Jew of Malta is considered to have been a major influence on William Shakespeares The merchandiser of Venice. The play opens with a Prologue narrated by Mach mephistophelianl, a travesty of the precedent Machiavelli. This character explains that he is presenting the tragedy of a Jew who has become rich by following Machiavellis teachings. Act I opens with a Jewish merchant, called Barabas, waiting for news about the return of his ships from the east. He discovers that they have safely docked in Malta, before three Jews arrive to inform him that they must go to the senate-house to meet the governor. in one case there, Barabas discovers that on with every other Jew on the island he must forfeit half of his estate to help the government pay indemnity to the Turks. When the Barabas protests at this unfair treatment, the governor Ferneze confiscates all of Barabass wealth and decides to turn Barabass house into a convent. Barabas vows revenge but first attempts to r ecover some of the treasures he has clandestine in his mansion. His daughter, Abigail, pretends to convert to Christianity in order to enter the convent. She smuggles out her fathers currency at night. Ferneze meets with Del Bosco, the Spanish Vice-Admiral, who wishes to sell Turkish slaves in the market place. Del Bosco convinces Ferneze to break his alliance with the Turks in return for Spanish protection. While viewing theslaves, Barabas meets up with Fernezes, Lodowick. This man has heard of Abigails great beauty from his friend (and Abigails devotee) Mathias. Barabas realizes that he can use Lodowick to exact revenge on Ferneze, and so he dupes the girlish man into cerebration Abigail will marry him. While doing this, the merchant buys a slave called Ithamore who hates Christians as much as his new control does. Mathias sees Barabas talking to Lodowick and demands to know whether they are discussing Abigail. Barabas lies to Mathias, and so Barabas deludes both young men i nto thinking that Abigail has been promised to them. At home, Barabas orders his reluctant daughter to get betrothed to Lodowick. At the end of the second Act, the two young men vow revenge on each other for attempting to woo Abigail behind one others backs. Barabas seizes on this opportunity and gets Ithamore to deliver a forged letter to Mathias, supposedly from Lodowick, challenging him to a affaire dhonneur. Act III introduces the prostitute Bellamira and her pimp Pilia-Borza, who decide that they will steal some of Barabass gold since business has been slack. Ithamore enters and instantly falls in love with Bellamira.Mathias and Lodowick kill each other in the duel orchestrated by Barabas and are found by Ferneze and Katherine, Mathiass mother. The bereaved parents vow revenge on the perpetrator of their sons bump offs. Abigail finds Ithamore laughing, and Ithamore tells her of Barabass role in the young mens deaths. Grief-stricken, Abigail persuades a Dominican beggar Jacom o to let her enter the convent, even though she lied once before about converting. When Barabas finds out what Abigail has done, he is enraged, and he decides to poison some rice and send it to the nuns. He instructs Ithamore to deliver the food. In the next scene, Ferneze meets a Turkish emissary, and Ferneze explains that he will not pay the required tribute. The Turk leaves, stating that his leader Calymath will attack the island. Jacomo and other friar Bernardine despair at the deaths of all the nuns, who have been poisoned by Barabas. Abigail enters, close to death, and confesses her fathers role in Mathiass and Lodowicks deaths to Jacomo. She knows that the priest cannot make this knowledge public because it was revealed to him in confession. Act IV shows Barabas and Ithamore delighting in the nuns deaths. Bernardine and Jacomo enter with the intention of confronting Barabas. Barabas realizes that Abigail has confessed his crimes to Jacomo. In order to distract the two priest s from their task, Barabas pretends that he wants to convert toChristianity and give all his coin to whichever monastery he joins. Jacomo and Bernardine start fighting in order to get the Jew to join their own religious houses. Barabas hatches a plan and tricks Bernardine into coming home with him. Ithamore then strangles Bernardine, and Barabas frames Jacomo for the crime. The action switches to Bellamira and her pimp, who find Ithamore and persuade him to bribe Barabas. The slave confesses his masters crimes to Bellamira, who decides to report them to the governor after Barabas has given her his money. Barabas is maddened by the slaves treachery and turns up at Bellamiras home disguised as a French lute player. Barabas then poisons all three conspirators with the use of a poisoned flower. The action moves quickly in the final act. Bellamira and Pilia-Borza confess Barabass crimes to Ferneze, and the murderer is sent for along with Ithamore. Shortly after, Bellamira, Pilia-Borza a nd Ithamore die. Barabas fakes his own death and escapes to find Calymath.Barabas tells the Turkish leader how best to storm the town. Following this event and the capture of Malta by the Turkish forces, Barabas is do governor, and Calymath prepares to leave. However, fearing for his own life and the security of his office, Barabas sends for Ferneze. Barabas tells him that he will free Malta from Turkish rule and kill Calymath in exchange for a large amount of money. Ferneze agrees and Barabas invites Calymath to a feast at his home. However, when Calymath arrives, Ferneze prevents Barabas from killing him. Ferneze and Calymath watch as Barabas dies in a cauldron that Barabas had prepared for Calymath. Ferneze tells the Turkish leader that he will be a prisoner in Malta until the Ottoman Emperor agrees to free the island. Doctor Faustus (1589-1593)Marlowes The sad History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus stands as one of the most influential and frequently-referenced pieces of publications in history. The play is the story of Dr. Faustus, a man who considers study in the fields of logic, medicine, law, and divinity and instead chooses to forsake them all to use black magic. He enters into a deal with Mephastophilis, a servant of the devil, in which Faustus gains the services of the demon but has to give up his person after 24 years. The play deals with several important themes. The corrupting influence of power, sin and redemption, and the divided nature of man are interwoven throughoutthe piece. Absolute power corrupts Faustus thoroughly. In the beginning we are introduced to a man at the top of his game. Hes mastered several important disciplines and is seeking a further, more rewarding, challenge so he turns to black magic. Faustus dreams of the umteen amazing things hell accomplish with his new powers. He muses on sending spirits to India to fetch him gold, ponders having them Ransack the oceanic for orient pearl, and contemplates how he will use his spirits to gain knowledge of the secrets of all foreign kings. His ambitions even extend to the throne of Germany. When finally granted the power he so desires, Faustus proceeds to do very little with it. He starts out auspiciously enough with an adventure in a chariot pulled by dragons so that he may unlock the mysteries of astronomy. Faustus seeks to test the accuracy of maps of the coasts and kingdoms of the world as well and ultimately ends up in Rome. Soon after, however, he basically lets his amazing power go to waste. He spends his time impressing various noblemen, playing petty tricks on people, and conjuring up specters of Alexander the Great and Helen of Troy. The underlying literary argument Marlowe is making is one of the basic tenets of modern psychology. People simply dont appreciate things they didnt have to work to gain. In the beginning, Faustus is a great man, full of ambition and at the top of his field. While he earns his new-found power in a sense by forfeiting his soul, he has done no true work to acquire it.Throughout the course of the play we see the formerly-ambitious Faustus reduced to a petty thaumaturgist and celebrity because of the corrupting influence of his power. Instead of choosing to act on his lofty ambitions or, heaven forbid, use his power for unselfish reasons he simply wastes his days amusing himself with practical jokes and beautiful women. Marlowe also comments on the nature of sin and redemption. Faustus essentially commits the ultimate sin by signing a pact with the devil. He chooses of his own free will to give up his without end soul in exchange for an earthly reward. jibe to Christian mythology, one can be forgiven of any sin, one has only to aby and ask Gods forgiveness. Despite the severity of his sin, Faustus is given several opportunities to repent his sin and be saved, and is encouraged to do so both by the steady-going angel who appears several times and by the old man in scene 12. Each tim e he chooses to remain loyal to Hell. He seems to consider repenting at the very end, but Mephastophilis threatens to tear his body apart, so he choosesinstead to send Mephastophilis to torture the old man whose words he finds himself unable to heed. Even though an easy answer to the problem of losing his soul equals, and he is several times reminded of it, in the end his own weakness prevents him from making the choice to repent and damns him for all eternity. The divided nature of man is literally personified in the play by the good and evil angels that appear to Faustus periodically. These characters represent opposing sides of Faustus own psyche, as well as representing emissaries of heaven and hell. Faustus is continually assailable whether he should continue his bargain or repent and seek salvation. He is clearly afraid for his eternal soul but is unable to relinquish the amazing power his bargain has afforded him. Marlowe may have intended the two angels as literal beings, but its obvious he also intended them as an allegorical representation of Faustus own internal peel. Themes are an integral part of the play, but Marlowes work has very stood the test of time. What is it about Doctor Faustus story that has made it resonant to countless generations of readers since it was written? The good doctor is a character with whom readers can sympathize.This is not to necessarily say that he is a benignant character, but simply that hes a man who faces temptation and a tough choice. military personnel beings face tough choices every day, and like Faustus we are forced to weigh the consequences of yielding to those temptations. Every human being faces temptation almost every day of their lives. These temptations range from the miniscule, such as being tempted to eat a slice of bread in spite of your pledge to adhere strictly to the Atkins diet, to the extreme, such as your best friends drunken girlfriend coming on to you. The story of Faustus rings true with readers even today because of this. It speaks to every reader because there are no people who have lived without temptation. We all have our good angel and bad angel, the voices inside our heads that spell out consequences of choices were faced with. In most cases, people who give into temptation are aware of the consequences of that choice. The fact that Faustus temptation is a far greater one than any of us is likely to face and has far greater consequences than any of us will ever be up against just makes it even more resonant. Everyone has given in to a strong temptation at some point in their lives and it makes us feel good to see someone doing the same despite the enormous consequences that follow for Faustus. Despite the fact thatFaustus has committed the ultimate sin by choosing of his own free will to give up his immortal soul for an earthly reward, the happening of salvation exists for him until the very end. We as people want to believe that the possibility of salvation and forgiveness exists for us no matter how heinous the deeds we have committed are. Marlowes play speaks to this desire within us, telling us that, like Faustus, the possibility of repentance and forgiveness exists for us no matter how in earnest we screw up. Its a very comforting melodic theme, especially to those animation with guilt over some historical transgression. Another reason that the story in Doctor Faustus is as relevant today as it was when Marlowe wrote it is Faustus himself. Some may see him as a tragic hero, and its very possible to consider him in this light, but its also not much of a stretch to call him a villain. Men like Faustus exist even today, people who are willing to do whatever it takes to get what they want regardless of the consequences to themselves or to others. Ken Lay in the recent Enron scandal comes to mind as an example of this. Mr. Lay was perfectly willing to practically destroy the lives of thousands of people by taking their hard-earned money and squandering it on yachts and other expensive trifles. He, in operation, sold his soul.Faustus selfish deeds remind us that people like him exist in real life. When Faustus is corrupted by his power and basically squanders it we are both angry at his in competency to find a way to do good with his powers and prosperous that he is getting what he deserves. Society likes it when people who commit evil deeds have it roam up in their face. We want to see justice served, whether it be Faustus eternity in hell or Mr. Lays recently-handed-down prison sentence, it feels good to know that evil people are punished. Doctor Faustus has truly stood the test of time as a great piece of classical literature. Countless indications of its influence exist even today, ranging from the film The Devils Advocate to the good and evil angels that appear on the shoulders in Warner Brothers cartoons. Marlowes use of complex themes and subtle commentary on the nature of man coupled with the underl ying messages that speak to the human psyche have established Doctor Faustus as a superlative degree of the savers craft and a treatise on the human condition. Edward the Second (1592)Edward II is a Renaissance or Early Modern period play written by ChristopherMarlowe. It is one of the earliest English history plays. The full title of the first publication is The Troublesome Reign and Lamentable Death of Edward the Second, King of England, with the Tragical Fall of Proud Mortimer. Christopher Marlowes Edward II is typically applauded as an aesthetic achievement, a history play that brings form and meaning to the in crystalline material of its history source by retelling the kings some dull, twenty-year reign as the fierce and deadly debate of a few willful personalities. Within the phylogeny of Elizabethan drama,Edward II is granted a crucial role in bringing to the English chronicle playincluding Shakespeares Henry VI plays and Richard IIIthe unity and purpose of the mature hi story play, epitomized by Shakespeares later, more aesthetically sophisticated tetralogy. In this narrative of literary development, the episodic chronicle play fails to show the disparate events of the past contributing to a single action fails, like the chronicle, to comprehend the past while the history play successfully makes sense of those events.Considered in context of the Marlovian oeuvre, Edward II again demonstrates the delight of art and order over inchoate historical material it is Marlowes most perfect achievement in dramatic structure and the most finished and satisfactory of Marlowes plays, evidently carefully written, with the intractable chronicle material skillfully handled. These readings of Edward II, however, have relied upon too superficial an understanding of the chronicle tradition, and they have unploughed the plays formal success separate from the Elizabethan debates about historiography within which both play and source participated. The social and po litical stakes of Marlowes historiographical practice emerge when we reread Edward II against a conception of the chronicle not as mere material but as a coherent and influential projection of national identity and historical process. Such a comparative reading shows us not merely that Marlowes play is more aesthetically satisfying, but also that it significantly re influences the nation and the forces of historical change. In particular, Marlowe delineates and focuses on a private realm, which he sets up in opposition to the public as a volatile source of decisions affecting the state. In addition, reading Marlowes play with a new understanding of the chronicle foregrounds the metadiscursive elements in Edward II that, referring back to the source accounts, help to illuminate Marlowes sense of his own artisticrefashioning. The chronicle form, as Marlowes top dog source and one with coarse cultural authority, challenged him to set up his drama as a more true history and to exempl ify his very different understanding of both political process and history writing. The assessments of Edward II that began this article define the play against the chronicle, which is in turn characterized as material, an apparently amorphous grouping of note value-free facts for the artist to choose or reject. For the modern reader, accustomed to finding meaning in tales of causality, the disparate events recorded by the chroniclers events only related to each other by their shared chronological structure seem to lack meaning and purpose. But we can no longer read these important histories so carelessly.In her recent analysis of Raphael Holinsheds Chronicle, Annabel Patterson has shown that the chronicles form and content actually worked to address the concerns and convey the values of the citizen and artisan Londoners who were its principal readers and producers. Maintaining that the Chronicle reveals not its authors incompetence but their different set of historiographical pr inciples, Patterson argues that the Chronicles perplexing inclusivity the fiber that brought John Donnes scathing dismissal of chronicle content as triviall houshold trashin effect creates a national history that will encompass not just king and court but also citizens and even the artisanal and laboring classes. Patterson also traces, in passages throughout the Chronicle, the authors recurrent, approving attention to rights theory, to the antediluvian constitution, and to the value of Parliament in limiting the monarchs power. She persuasively demonstrates that they make a strong case for certain liberties of the individual and the laws that protect them. The Massacre at Paris (1593)The Massacre at Paris is an Elizabethan play by the English dramatist Christopher Marlowe. It concerns the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, which took place in Paris in 1572, and the part played by the Duc de Guise in those events. The Lord Stranges Men acted a play titled The Tragedy of the Guise, t hought to be Marlowes play, on 26 January 1593. The Admirals Menperformed The Guise or The Massacre ten times between 21 June and 27 kinfolk 1594. The Diary of Philip Henslowe marks the play as ne, though scholars disagree as to whether this indicates a new play or a performanceat the Newington Butts theatre. The Diary also indicates that Henslowe planned a revival of the play in 1602, possibly in a revised version.1 A possible revision may have something to do with the surprising number of Shakespearean borrowings and paraphrases in the text.2The only surviving text is an undated quarto that is too short to represent the go off original play and in all probability it is a memorial reconstruction by the actors who performed the work.3 It preserves a lot of the violence and stabbing jokes but deletes most of whatever social value the play may have had, except for one long soliloquy near the beginning. One roll to the original substance of the play is a page which survives in manus cript. It is known as the Collier leaf, after the Shakespearean scholar John Payne Collier, who is known to have been a notorious forger, although modern scholars think that this particular leaf is probably authentic. Despite including a speech where one of the characters mutters abominable jokes to himself before shooting someone, it supplies a much longer and more interesting version of a blank verse speech than appears in the quarto. This suggests that the more thoughtful parts of the play were precisely the ones that tended to be cut. This was his unfinished work. Christopher Marlowe Father of English TragedyThe first great thing done by Marlowe was to break away from the medieval conception of tragedy, as in medieval drama, tragedy was a thing of the princes only. It dealt with the rise and fall of kings or royal personalities. But it was left to Marlowe to evolve and create the real tragic hero. Almost all the heroes of MarloweTamburlaine, Faustus or Jew of Maltaare of humb le parentage, but they are endowed with great heroic qualities and they are really great men. His tragedy is, in fact, the tragedy of one man-the rise, fall and death of the hero. All other characters of a Marlovian drama pale into insignificance beside the towering personality and the glory and grandeur of the tragic hero. Even various incidents of the drama revolve round the hero. The spiritual or moral conflict takes place in the heart of man and this is of much greater-significance and much more poignant than the former. And a great tragedy most powerfully reveals the unrestrained conflict or moral agony of the mighty hero. Like the heroes of ancient tragedy, Marlowes heroes are nothelpless puppets in the hands of blind fate. The tragic flaw was in their character and the tragic action also issued out of their characters. This was really Marlowes greatest contribution to English tragedy. Marlowes Themes and Stylethough Marlowe did not care for the unity of plot, his characteriz ation was powerful and he developed the element of soul struggle in plays like Dr. Faustus. His hero Faustus, dissatisfied with the poor results of human science sells his soul to the devil so that for 24 years he may satisfy every desire. Marlowe was fascinated by king Tamburlaine who ruddiness from a shepherd to became a master of Asia. In the Jew of Malta Marlowe shows the Jew Barabas enjoying his riches. He takes revenge on his Christian enemies. At last Barabas fell into the pit he had dug for others. In Edward II the murder of king is one of the most poignant scenes in the drama of Renaissance. Each of the plays has behind it the driving force of this vision, which gives it an artistic and poetic unity. It is, indeed, as a poet that Marlowe excels. Though not the first to use blank verse in English drama, he was the first to exploit its possibilities and make it supreme. His verse is notable for its possibilities and makes it supreme. His verse is notable for its burning ener gy, its wideness of diction, its sensuous richness, its variety of pace, and its responsiveness to the demands of varying emotions. Full of bold primary colours, his poetry is crammed with imagery from the classics, from astronomy and from geography, an imagery barbaric in its wealth and splendour. Its resonance and power led Ben Jonson to coin the phrase Marlowes mighty line. but its might has often obscured its technical precision and its admirable lucidity and finish. Creator of English vacant verse in DramaBlack verse is unrhymed iambic pentameter. It was first introduced by the Earl of Surrey in the 16th century. Later it was employ by Marlowe and Shakespeare in their famous plays. Christopher Marlowe was the first English author to make full use of the potential of blank verse, and also established it as the dominant verse form for English drama in the age of Elizabeth I and James I. Marlowe and then Shakespeare developed its potential greatly in the late 16th century. Marl owe was the first to exploitthe potential of blank verse for powerful and involved speech. Marlowe was the real creator of the most versatile of English measures. Sackville, Norton and Surrey experimented with this metre more than twenty years before Marlowe. They failed because they worked on wrong principles and the results which they produced were of an intolerable tedious monotony. Marlowes achievement in developing blank verse can be illustrated by the study of Doctor Faustus. In the chorus passage for example, the verse seems more consistently regular in its beat. The less questionable judgment is, that Marlowe exercised a strong influence over later drama, though not himself as great a dramatist as Kyd that he introduced several new tones into blank verse, and commenced the dissociative process which drew it farther and farther away from the rhythms of rhymed verse. Marlowes PoemsTranslation of Book One of Lucans PharsaliaTranslation of Ovids Elegies (1580)The Passionate she pherd to His Love (pre-1593)Hero and Leander (1593, unfinished completed by George Chapman, 1598) Christopher Marlowe, a poet known mostly for his plays rather than his verse, translated two major works of classical Latin poetry Amores by Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) and the first book of Lucans (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus) Pharsalia. These are long Latin poems written in the first centuries before and after the Common Era. Though the poems were at least 1400 years old when Marlowe translated them, he put them into the Elizabethan English of his day with considerable verve and poetic vividness (and with the occasional error in translation.) Ovids poem is a three-book collection of elegies (Latin elegia,) which in Ovids day were the equivalent of personal lyric poetry. It concerns a stylized and sometimes humorous and distrustful romance between a rich Roman man and his married, foolish lover Corinna. Much of Ovids poetry is formulaic, based on earlier poetic forms. These forms (such a s stylized addresses to the mistress, a funeral elegy, apostrophes and the like) make up a large portion of Amores, and the narrative is secondary. Ovid, however, was able to imbue his characters with convincing realism, which Marlowe translated admirably. Hero and Leander, the only long original work of poetry of Marlowes to have survived (and possibly the only one he ever wrote, apart from his plays,)was written during a plague year when theatres in London were closed. Marlowe was thus unable to write for the stage, and set his pen again to classical subjects. Hero and Leander concerns the Greek mythical lovers of those names, separated by the Hellespont. It is thought that Marlowe took the story from the mythical Byzantine poet Musaeus, though the myth was known long before that time. The Passionate sheepherder To His Love, is a pastoral love poem, written in tetrameter. It is a justly famous piece, often quoted, and Ralegh (a contemporary poet) made a famous Answer to it. It is about a shepherd who longs to make a woman (or a nymph) his wife, and tries to lure her into the countryside with promises of rich gifts. This 24-line sweet-toned plea paints an idealized picture of rural life, with images of the finery the lover will make for his beloved from the fruits of the land. It is an homage to an old Greek form of poetry, and one of Marlowes masterworks. The translation of Lucans First Book is a virtuoso piece by Marlowe, recounting the beginning of a long epic by the Roman poet Lucan. In it, Julius Caesar has returned from conquering Gaul, and debates on crossing the Rubicon and conquering his own city of Rome. It is a piece full of classical allusions, but is also a surmise on the folly of civil war. Marlowe may well have intended to translate all of Lucans ten extant books, but it is assumed that this effort was stopped by his early death. Marlowe wrote a Latin epitaph, which he translated into English, for Roger Manwood, an official and judge. It is a poem in the finest old Latin style, but with Elizabethan sensibilities. It, along with Hero and Leander and Lucans First Book are among Marlowes last works. Major Themes of his PoemsIllicit loveThe whole of Amores is concerned with an adulterous love affair. The lovers attempt to conceal their trysts and deceive Corinnas husband at every turn nor are the lovers faithful or truthful to one another. The embarkation of this affair seems to have caused the two lovers no moral misgivings. Never do Corinna and her lover wrestle with their consciences, or voice concern about Corinnas deceived husband. The complete absence of sexual and social shapeal morality is a bit surprising in a poem more than two thousand years old. These elegia were part of a Roman poetic convention the love poetry of illicit relationships was a poetic trope that was much explored byOvid and other writers of his day. That Marlowe chose to translate it, however, speaks close to of his taste in iconoclastic themes. Hero and Leander, too, a poem devised by Marlowe from the framework of an early myth, is concerned with a doomed love affair. The separation and desperation of the lovers (on a different scale of personal integrity, but still with the same sort of angst) in Hero and Leander is dwelt on the same way as Ovid expresses his striving and frustration for Corinna in Amores. Love denied is a powerful dramatic subject, and Marlowe liked to address it in his longer poems. Classical poetry translationsMarlowe chose a short but however difficult poem to translate in Ovids Amores. Classical translations were in vogue at the time (the appearance of Henry Howard, Lord Surreys partial translation of Virgils Aeneid some years before this had made a mark in literary circles) and a task that a young poet would likely set himself to. The translation is not an easy one classical Latin was a very mature language and many times more compact than Elizabethan English. The meanings of words in Latin were so metimes multi-layered and used in ways that Elizabethan scholars of Latin, such as Marlowe, were not always able to grasp. In addition, the putting of one style of verse (Ovids alternating hexameter/pentameter unrhymed lines) into another (blank verse English rhyming couplets) is a difficult task at best, and one that would have honed Marlowes skills in English verse as well as Latin translation. Apprenticeship of MarloweThe translations of Ovid and Lucan were made when Marlowe was very young. He was still an undergraduate student at Cambridge when he began them. The Latin translations, though at times extremely witty and apt, do contain significant errors. Marlowe, though doubtless a classical scholar, was not a complete master of Ovids extremely refined Latin, and Marlowes treatment of Lucans sometimes more awkward language is compounded by errors. The Amores were particularly admired in the medieval and Renaissance Europe, and the people who read them sometimes missed the cynical and playful side of Ovids poetry. Marlowe seems to have fewer of these illusions (for example, he often translates Ovids puella, girl, as wench, which had similar connotations in Marlowes day as it does now,) but Marlowe besides wasunaware of some of the Roman poetic conventions and the more polished double- and triple-meanings that the poet of the Augustan age employed in his verses. The translations of Ovid and Lucan, though ambitious and certainly telling of potential talent, were still, to some extent, schoolboy exercises. There is no doubt, however, that the studying of these ancient writers and the conversion of their Latin into English verse helped greatly to develop the ability of the future writer of Tamburlaine and The Jew of Malta. distrustful view of romantic loveThe entire relationship between the lover and Corinna in Amores is a sophisticated, realistic, somewhat jaded, and definitely cynical one. Corinna is married, and there is no talk of her divorcing her husband (though divorce was legal and practiced in the Rome of Ovids day.) It is plain that at least part of Corinnas attraction to the lover is his wealth, and Corinna, though praised for her natural charms, is continuously scolded and made to look foolish. Neither lover is shown to be in the least bit heroic or even admirable though the feeling of passion is there, with attendant sentiments. It is clear that Ovid is chronicling a sordid adulterous affair. The lovers deceive each other and those around them. There is nothing redeeming about the relationship, and love certainly does not conquer all. Physical gratification, and perhaps the thrill obtained from conquest and deception, seem to be the only ends and purpose of the relationship. Hero and Leander pursue, though not nearly as cynical, a similarly doomed and pointless love affair. They are so innocent as to not be able to double-dyed(a) their love immediately, and, though the poem is unfinished, their deaths are predicted in the opening lines of the poem. Much of Renaissance romance tended toward the tragic, so it is not surprising that Marlowe chose subjects with unhappy rather than conventionally happy endings. Fate curiously in Hero and Leander, but in much of Marlowes oeuvre, the notion of fate is a common theme. References to the mythical Fates (or Destinies the three Greco-Roman goddesses who decided the character and length of each human beings life) occur often, and it is used as rhetorical device to convince that something is meant to be. This may or may not have beenMarlowes own particular view of life. Since his religious views tended toward the heretical, if not outright atheism, it may be that he believed more fully in free will than the old classical idea of a ill-fated existence. The Catholic church, too, while acknowledging free will, insisted that Gods will be the dominant one. Since much of Marlowes poetry is wry and tongue-in-cheek, the mentions of Fate may well be largely ironic. Foll y of humanityEspecially in Lucans First Book, but also in Amores and Hero and Leander Marlowe takes pains to point out the folly of humanity. He chooses translations and tells stories in which the faults in the main characters are obvious and usually avoidable. The poet usually tells us at the outset what the problems of the main actors are, and the tragic ending is often foretold. This kind of lack of narrative s kepticism was common in Classical literature, and also in the drama of the Elizabethan stage. High classical cultivationMarlowe translated and composed in Latin, and his reverence for the ancient world was obvious both in his choice of literature to translate, and his original work. Marlowe didnt choose mediocre or obscure Latin poetry, but the works of Ovid and Lucan. These writers were the pinnacle of their culture, and their Latin was dense, erudite, and difficult to translate. In addition, some of the situations and stories of these authors were very far removed from types of stories told in Renaissance England. Marlowe kept the essential truths in these classical works, but he adapted them just enough to make them more accessible to his readers.Marlowe and ShakespeareTwo great names William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe Educationally they were a great contrast. Shakespeare had had little schooling, quitting school when he was fifteen years old. Marlowe, by comparison, had two degrees including a masters from Corpus Christi College at Cambridge University. Shakespeare had had no opportunity to learn foreign languages though Marlowe was fluent in many. Marlowe had translated Ovids Amores while in college and later had done the first translation of Cervantessmassive classic Don Quixote from Spanish to English. Many of the plays attributed to Shakespeare have reference to foreign cities and foreign languages. In a similar manner, Shakespeare had had no opportunity to learn protocol of military life, legal matters or court manners, things in which Marlowe was proficient things that were frequently a part of many of the Shakespearean plays. Marlowe had traveled to many countries. harmonize to records, Shakespeare had never left England. Marlowes influence on ShakespeareAccording to the Greek composition of tragedy, the hero should be a Man of Moment one whose destiny is almost tied with that of our own. Marlowe makes a glaring deviation from the path trodden by the Greeks. His heroes are men with whom we have a close kinship. Tamburlaine is a Scythian Shepherd, Barabas a Mediterranean money-lender, and Faustus an ordinary German Doctor. While Shakespeare follows the Greek convention in most of his major tragedies, we notice the conspicuous exception in Othello who though he speaks of himself as hailing etc. is after all a moor of Venice. The Greeks insisted on the observance of the unities as an essential concomitance of tragedy. Marlowe boldly violates the rule with impunity. Tamburlaines conquest takes well-nigh 24 years. The action of Faustus dating from his signing of the bond to Lucifer. The continuance of the exploits of the Jew, too, exceeds the limit set by the ancient. The scene, too, shifts from one country to another in Tamburlaine. Faustus travels around the globe. Shakespeare, taking the clue from Marlowe, proved conclusively that dramatic verisimilitude can never be disturbed by the violations of the unities of time and place. preferably contrary to the established Greek convention Marlowe mingled the comic and tragic elements in Faustus, even though in Tamburlaine and The Jew of Malta we do not see it freely employed.Though many of the Wagner scenes are supposed to be interpolations by other hands, particularly Chapman, Marlowe cannot disown the authorship of these scenes completely. He had before him the primary aim of providing comic sleep to the overtaxed minds of the auditors. But as we know, from our reaction to the Porter scene, the grave diggers scene, the appearance of the clown and the rustic these scenes by emphasizing the scene of contrast, only accentuate our tension. Further, with true dramatists insight intohuman life, Marlowe wants to point out that life consists in laughter and tears. To think of mans life being burdened by unrelieved tragedy is starkly unimaginable and unreal. It was Marlowe who first presented on the English State The Titanic Struggle which rages in a mans soul. The tempest in a soul is the very essence of Shakespearean tragedy. The struggle between the forces of good and evil in Tamburlaine, Faustus, and The Jew of Maltastands boldly in comparison with similar effects in Hamlet, King Lear, Othello and Macbeth. Marlowe, however, did not regard heroism as synonymous with virtue. His heroes are by no mean patterns of human excellence overtaken by tragic frailty as in the case of Hamlet, Othello and King Lear. They can be relegated to the category of hero-villains a type popularized in Elizabethan England. But these f igures move before us as grand specimens of humanity overtaken by passion for reason. Tamburlaine takes to a career of conquests Faustus turns to necromancy and so defies Mammon. In Shakespeare we have the classic instance of Macbeth who is the direct descendent of Dr. Faustus and Tamburlaine, while Shylock is the dramatic foster-child of Barabas. Marlowe is an crisp craftsman in the effective use of suspense a consciousness that the fate of the hero is certain right at the outset.When Faustus signs the bond with the devil, he is actually flirting with fate even as Macbeth does when he interviews the witches. Until the play moves to its ultimate catastrophe suspense grips us a feature common to Shakespeare and Marlowe. Again, Marlowes ability to compose death scenes is almost unparalleled in modern drama. In the deaths of Faustus and Edward II Marlowes dramatic power reaches its highest point. Death synonymous with tragic catastrophe was revealed to the future dramatists as some thing more than physical hatred at the end of existence. Death became the loss of active and glorious living, the negation of individual power, the expiring struggle of the drama of life, its last defiance and its most irresistible appeal to pity and horror. The death scenes in hamlet and Othello derive directly from Marlowes inspiration. Marlowe, however, refrained from exhibiting physical horror upon the stage. The deaths of Faustus, Barabas and Tamburlaine are either implied or narrated, but not enacted. The gruesome murder of Desdemona and of Antony are related to us but the greater genius of Shakespeare for tragic poignancy did introduce scenes of physical horror at times, as in theslapping of Desdemona by Othello, the blinding of Gloucester in Lear and the stabbing of Macduffs children in Macbeth. Edward II is an exception In the words of Havelock Ellis In nothing has Marlowe shown himself so much a child of the true Renaissance as in this to touch the images of physical horr or. Marlowes treatment of the supernatural is quaint and considerably influenced Shakespeare. He gives human touches to his supernatural beings which catch our eyes. Mephistopheles is capable of human feelings. His appeal to Faustus literally to compress the devil has a tinge of pathos about them. Marlowe, at this moment, reminds us of Ariel attempting to stir the steely heart of Prospero. Even in his portrayal of the witches in Macbeth and the fairies in A Midsummer Nights woolgather Shakespeare is highly indebted to Marlowe. The device employed by Marlowe to represent the tempest of the emotions in the heros heart is unique and dramatically very effective. The good and the evil angels appearing as two characters to glitter the inner conflict was a bold invention on the part of the dramatist.Shakespeare frequently resorts to soliloquy in his tragedies. We hear also the incorporeal voice bidding Macbeth sleep no more. The dagger with its handle drawn towards Macbeth, the ghost of Banquo, and the ghost of Ceasar appearing to Brutus with the words Im thy evil spirit all these are actually an objective mirror of the heart, but are incapable of giving a kaleidoscopic picture. By far the greatest contribution by Marlowe to the development of tragedy is the way he employs the medium of Blank verse. Blank verse is the only instrument capable of representing subtle shades of thought and feeling. Much of Shakespeares greatness is dependent on the poetry in his plays. Marlowe was the pioneer of blank verse in drama, Shakespeare was its complete master especially in the use of its various ramifications. We notice certain deficiencies in Marlowes tragic design, fortunately absent in Shakespeare. Marlowe concentrated his entire attention on the development of a single character and so was almost indifferent to the rest. In Shakespeare every character has a positive individuality. We believe the passive Horatio as well as the turncoat Enobarbus. Marlowe was also igno rant of the feminine heart. Zenocrate is merely a shadow. Helen appears as a vision. On the contrary, Shakespeares acquaintance with the workings of a womans mind is so profound that Ruskin, Arnold and Mrs. Jameson even contend that Shakespeare was primarily concerned with hisheroines. Out of the physical body process and intellectual inquisitiveness of the Renaissance, there grew up a body of literature which was remarkable for its power and force. Marlowe was, perhaps, the truest translator of this literary and dramatic efflorescence. He embodied in his four plays, mans inordinate love of physical power, his greed for intellectual wealth and his passion for material wealth and also his love of human passion. He devised a suitable medium to project his fiery soul and that was his well-known Blank verse. If Shakespeare had not Marlowes shoulders to stand upon he would not have been recognized as one of the greatest dramatist in the world. Shakespeare honoured his master both by im itation and direct quotation. Reputation among Contemporary WritersSwinburne, a novice of the Elizabethan theatre had said that Marlowe is a Father of English Tragedy and the creator of English blank verse and therefore also the teacher and guide of Shakespeare Whatever the particular focus of modern critics, biographers and novelists, for his contemporaries in the literary world, Marlowe was above all an admired and influential artist. Within weeks of his death, George Peele remembered him as Marley, the Muses darling Michael Drayton far-famed that he Had in him those brave translunary things / That the first poets had, and Ben Jonson wrote of Marlowes mighty line. Thomas Nashe wrote heartily of his friend, poor deceased Kit Marlowe. So too did the publisher Edward Blount, in the dedication of Hero and Leander to Sir Thomas Walsingham.Among the few contemporary dramatists to say anything negative about Marlowe was the anonymous author of the Cambridge University play The Return From Parnassus (1598) who wrote, forgiveness it is that wit so ill should dwell, / Wit lent from heaven, but vices sent from hell. The most famous tribute to Marlowe was paid by Shakespeare in As You Like It, where he not only quotes a line from Hero and Leander (Dead Shepherd, now I find thy saw of might, Who ever loved that loved not at first sight?) but also gives to the clown Touchstone the words When a mans verses cannot be understood, nor a mans good wit seconded with the forward child, understanding, it strikes a man more dead than a great reckoning in a little room. This appears to be a reference to Marlowes murder which involved a fight over the reckoning, the bill, as well as to a line in Marlowes Jew of Malta Infinite richesin a little room.Shakespeare was heavily influenced by Marlowe in his work, as can be seen in the re-using of Marlovian themes in Antony and Cleopatra, The Merchant of Venice, Richard II, and Macbeth (Dido, Jew of Malta, Edward II and Dr Faustus res pectively). In Hamlet, after meeting with the travelling actors, Hamlet requests the Player perform a speech about the Trojan War, which at 2.2.42932 has an echo of Marlowes Dido, Queen of Carthage. In Loves Labours Lost Shakespeare brings on a character Marcade (three syllables) in conscious acknowledgement of Marlowes character Mercury, also attending the King of Navarre, in Massacre at Paris. The significance, to those of Shakespeares audience who had read Hero and Leander, was Marlowes identification of himself with the god Mercury. ConclusionThe interest of Marlowes tragedies lies not in the death of Heroes but in their soul struggle against forces which in the end proves too great for them. He raised the subject matter of Drama to a higher level and changed the concept of tragedies by introducing heroes from the common people. His heroes are meant of exceptional qualities and passion. They transcend ordinary human aspiration until they meet their tragic end. Usually in his pla ys there will be no antagonist, the protagonists themselves, their inner evil thoughts will be the antagonist. There is also number of morals to teach in his plays. Marlowe may died in the age of 29, but his plays are living forever.